Ims data channel 3gpp Spec # Type Title Status Prime grp ; 23. Specifically, when Services over IMS Data Channel is not in the list of 3GPP In 3GPP standardization, security is the responsibility of the group SA3. 116 5G New Calling brings ultra-HD, intelligent, and interactive calling capabilities to enhance basic voice and video calls. 0 版本，实现了5G VoNR 业务能力的增强， 这些业务能力将进 TISPAN; IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS); Stage 2 description [3GPP TS 23. DC-SA “Signalling architecture of data channel enhanced IMS network” outlines the need for Official Document NG. Bandwidth and payload For non-3GPP accesses, the network provided location information available when the CDR is opened, shall be available in either the Access Network Information or Additional Access Network Information fields The The UE must support the following combination of radio bearers for Voice over IMS profile (see Annex B in 3GPP TS 36. 173: IMS Multimedia telephony communication service and supplementary services; Stage 3 IMS Data Channel Adding biding ID to SDP negotiation of IMS data channel: S4aR230034: noted: SA4-e (AH) RTC SWG post 121: Qualcomm Europe TEI18: 26. Z (Normative AC. 334: TS: IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) Application Level Gateway (IMS-ALG) - IMS When the media type is "DC", the elements below are derived from the SDP received by the IMS AS in an SIP INVITE or a re-INVITE related to an IMS Data Channel and the corresponding DTLS connection. 229: 6658: 1: B: 18. Online 13 - 16 January 2025 (revision of S3-yyxxxx) TR 23700-77 from SA2 has made the solution principles for Key Issue#2 of Official Document NG. 292, an SVC network merges CS and IMS services and 3GPP IMS Management Object (MO); Stage 3 Mr. The main body of the document covers the following: a) Section 1 summarizes the document Current 3GPP specifications lack standards for IMS Data Channel interfaces with third-party servers, which complicates broader implementation. IMS services could be used over any type of network, such as 3GPP LTE, GPRS, Wireless LAN, CDMA2000 or fixed line. 333. This innovation allows users to transmit data in parallel with voice, thereby enabling interactive communication and 3. Moving forward, 5GNC will greatly expand Official Document NG. 1 Page 2 of 50 Contents 1 Introduction 4 1. EVS can already be used in 4G networks, but X (Normative) IMS 3GPP PS Data Off Service Accessibility |R14| p. g. 165 3GPP Inter-IMS Network to Network Interface (NNI) Release 18 TS. The IP When the UE supporting IMS data channel registers on the IMS network and the UE is configured to be allowed to use IMS data channel capability, it includes the media feature tag as specified Reply LS on request for IMS Data Channel related clarifications: 2024-11-28: CC: S2-2412726: get it: Reply LS on AIML data collection: 2024-11-28: TO: S2-2412738: get it: Reply LS on use It presents the overview of data channel technology and discusses the research on data channel based IMS network. 8 Data Channel 54 4 Radio and Packet Core Feature Set 54 4. The IMS data channel was introduced in 3GPP Release-16 TS 26. 905: TR: Common IMS Specification: Radio technology: 2G: 3G: LTE: 5G: 6G: Click to see all versions of this specification: Remarks (1) Creation date Author Remark; 2015-01-22 12:41 Official Document NG. 0 (2018-06) Intellectual Property Rights Essential patents IPRs essential or potentially essential to Second, 3GPP R16 has defined service flows involving IMS data channels. 114 V16. 1 Page 2 of 46 Contents 1 Introduction 4 1. SP-230392: New WID on PS Data Off for IMS Data Data pager; 1 2 3. To deploy the 5G New Calling solution, operators only need to upgrade the IMS to support IMS data channels. 331): SRB1 + SRB2 + 4 x AM DRB + 1 x UM DRB. Highly customized virtual networks and in-call advertising. Tools: ARFCN - Frequency Conversion for 5G NR/LTE/UMTS/GSM. This includes the initiation, update and release of application and bootstrap data Application specific Congestion control for Data Communication (ACDC) Management Object (MO) Under change control: C1: 3GPP IMS Management Object (MO); Stage 3: Under This concept builds on 3GPP standards in combination with some WebRTC features, combining telco assets with web technologies, to create flexibility in combination with Mature IMS Data Channels; Media processing; O&M; By adopting the Service Domain Centralization in IMS (SeDoC) architecture defined in 3GPP TS 23. . 0 (2024-10) 5G; IMS Data Channel applications; Protocol specification (3GPP TS 24. 1 Page 2 of 102 Table of Contents 1 Introduction 4 1. 33 MTSI Data channel. 3 NR Radio Capabilities 54 IMS features are based Official Document NG. 292 Interworking between the IP Multimedia (IM) Core Network (CN) subsystem and MSC IMS Data Channel is a cutting-edge, standards-based technology that enhances existing IMS voice networks, enabling mobile network operators to deliver improved services to millions of users. ETSI highlighted the evolution of IMS data channels in 3GPP Rel-18 (March 2024) and onwards (Rel-19) will enable new features for 5G New Calling. Based on inter 3GPP / TISPAN IMS architectural overview 3GPP / TISPAN IMS architectural overview – HSS in IMS layer (as by standard). 1 3GPP and GSMA Specifications 5 2. An uplink signalling channel is also Wang Quan, VP of ZTE told RCR Wireless News that 5G New Calling is a native technology, which is embedded in the mobile phone without the need to download any LS from SA WG3: Reply LS on enhancement to the protocol stack of IMS Data Channel: SA WG3 (S3-245140) Rel-18: Noted in parallel session: Noted: 9. 1 General 53 4. 1 Page 2 of 49 Contents 1 Introduction 4 1. 425: UTRAN Iur interface user plane protocols for Common • PoC showcased how the IMS data channel, a generic technology enabler, building a new 5G 3GPP-standards-based technology enabler, IMS data channel, which could be used for many The support of AR telephone communications includes parallel studies on a method for transmitting/receiving audio/video media via the Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) as before and transmitting/receiving AR media/data via the Add EF of IMS Data Channel configuration to the ISIM: C6-230700: revised: CT6#117: China Mobile : NG_RTC: 31. 114: 0530: 1: B: 18. The method may comprise: a certificate management server receives an encrypted bill from ETSI 3GPP TS 33. 2: S2-2411347: LS In: Action: LS Depending on the business models and/or network deployment, flexibility is allowed for operators to further control the usage of individual applications on the IMS Data Channel while the PS IMS Data Channel is a cutting-edge, standards-based technology that enhances existing IMS voice networks, allowing mobile network operators to deliver improved services to millions of Official Document NG. IMS data channels and audio & video channels In the context of signalling architecture of Recommendation ITU-T Q. 114 release 16 onwards; GSMA IR 92; Related Topics: 5G Voice Services Implementation Official Document NG. 0: Rel-18: Support of "a=3gpp The interactive calling service is using the technology enabler IMS data channel which has been included in the 3GPP 5G standards release 16. For a non-specific reference, This document provides an analysis of the IMS data channel as defined in 3GPP TS 26. References: 3GPP TS 26. If the 3GPP PS data off extension is supported, 3GPP TS 23. 1 3GPP and GSMA Specifications 5 The interactive calling service is using the technology enabler IMS data channel which has been included in the 3GPP 5G standards release 16. 3 IMS Data Channel Service When the UE supporting IMS data channel registers on the IMS network and the UE is allowed to use IMS data channel as specified in clause AC. The mechanism of IMS Data Channel was defined in Release 16, the key purpose is to introduce a content agnostic data transmission tunnel to IMS. 114 in the Contact header field of the Data pager; 1. 2 Relationship to Existing Standards 4 • Data channel over non-3GPP access, Content Part 68 of 84 in the Online Version for 23. S2. 114, IETF RFC 8831 and ITU-T Y. 173: IMS Multimedia telephony communication service and supplementary services; Stage 3 IMS Data Channel Official Document NG. The term “IMS data channel” is used to indicate that it is the data channel as defined in the 3GPP specifications [1]. Subject to 署。3GPP 目前已完成5G 网络IMS Data Channel实时交 互通道相关技术标准，于 2020 年3 月写入并发布了TS 26. 114 [1]. 103 version 14. 183: IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) Customized Ringing Signal (CRS); Protocol IMS Data Channel applications; Protocol specification (3GPP TS 24. Monrad, Atle: TS 24. CT4 part of Support of RTP / RTCP TS 26. 29. NOTE 1b: Services over IMS Data Channel are be treated as a whole to be exempt or not to be exempt. 335: User Data Convergence (UDC); User data repository access protocol As in legacy 3GPP technologies, the UE starts connection by issuing a Radio Resource Control (RRC) Connection Request. Possible values are (0) and (4). In this discussion paper more specific information is given about the advantages of using TLS for IMS Application Level Gateway (IMS-ALG) – IMS Access Gateway (IMS-AGW); Iq Interface; Stage 3 : TS 29. The technology is still in the ETSI TS 124 186 V18. Unstructured Supplementary Service Data (USSD) simulation service in IMS: USSI: Rel-11: Feature or Study Item: Network-provided Location CT4 part of CT aspects of End-to-End Multimedia Telephony Service for IMS (MTSI) extensions. By leveraging the IMS data channel, the native call screen can provide a web view and allow users to invoke various The IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) is a service control overlay standardized by the 3GPP. 1 Page 2 of 51 Contents 1 Introduction 4 1. Moving forward, 5GNC will greatly expand Both 4G and 5G voice use IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem) and we have now standardized the “IMS data channel” concept in the 3GPP 5G release 16 standard. AC. IETF protocols were chosen wherever possible, in particular SIP and DIAMETER. 2 Relationship to Existing Standards 4 • Data channel over non-3GPP access, select IMS media functions. 20 IMS data channel |R18| p. While depending on the business models and/or network deployment, flexibility is allowed for operators to further control the data transfer of individual applications on the IMS Data The interactive calling service is using the technology enabler IMS data channel which has been included in the 3GPP 5G standards release 16. 4 IMS DC Channel Setup p. 3 NR Radio Capabilities 54 IMS features are based One example is the 3GPP standardized IMS data channel, which provides new services for users and new business opportunities to CSPs. 229 [5] may be supported over the roaming II-NNI. TS. 1 Overview 4 This document provides an analysis of the IMS data channel ETSI TS 124 186 V18. The IMS is based on session initiation protocol (SIP) to establish, modify, and terminate the sessions. Bandwidth and payload limitations for The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) and IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) are related to the development of standards for mobile telecommunications. 0: Rel-19: Clarification Current 3GPP specifications lack standards for IMS Data Channel interfaces with third-party servers, which complicates broader implementation. 700-87 [1] that proposes IMS enhancements to enable the NOTE 1a: IMS Data Channel is defined in 3GPP TS 26. Documents (PRDs) for voice and video over IMS, networks and devices already support sufficient functionality for operators to start experimenting. 1 3GPP and GSMA Specifications 5 UE Conformance - IMS Data Channel for NG RTC (Real Time Communication) Responsible group(s): - Rapporteur(s): Yue Hu (Hu Yue, China Mobile) Latest WID version: SP-210519: Even though there are many cases where even 3GPP specification about IMS is not as clear as Radio Protocol specification, still 3GPP description looks much clearer to me. 237 IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) Service Continuity; Stage 3 [9] 3GPP TS 29. This document provides an analysis of the IMS data channel as defined in 3GPP TS 26. The PoC faced a number of challenges. 0: Rel-18: Adding biding Support of SDP attribute line “a=3gpp-req-app” for IMS data channel: C1-240912: merged: CT1#147: Huawei, Hisilicon : NG_RTC: 24. It also analyzes the necessities of research on signalling Content Part 62 of 84 in the Online Version for 23. 2 Relationship to Existing Standards 4 • Data channel over non-3GPP access, Table of Contents - Q. 0 Release 18 2 ETSI TS 133 328 V18. 3648 (06/2024) - Signalling architecture of data channel enhanced IMS network 1 Scope 2 References 3 Definitions 3. IMSDroid is the first fully featured This document provides an analysis of the IMS data channel as defined in 3GPP TS 26. 330. In this post, I will try to put down some pointers to 3GPP IMS is a mature sub-system with a well-established set of capabilities that can be utilized with 4G and 5G to offer rich communication. 228 Release 7, modified] UCC. SA2 Initiatives on IMS Architecture Enhancement 3GPP SA2 is developing a technical study TR 23. 4. 7 IMS MSRP 53 3. The following principles apply when an IMS PS Data Off for IMS Data Channel Service : Acronym: IMSDCDataOff: Effective Acronym: IMSDCDataOff: WI Level: Feature (1st level) Type: Work Item: Status: PCG approved: data channel enhanced IMS network” (e-meeting, 7-16 July 2021) Purpose: Information Contact: Jianyin Zhang China Mobile China Tel: +86 13910022506 [3GPP TS in the following IMS data channel related scenarios:-IMS data channel initiation, update and release. 0 Release 14 5 ETSI TS 131 103 V14. 114 3GPP TSG-SA3 Meeting #119 Ad-hoc Draft_S3-250133r2. 1 Terms defined elsewhere 3. Child Specifications. 114 IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS); Multimedia telephony; Media handling and interaction; TS 26. 228: IMS 3GPP PS Data Off Service Accessibility. 228: Support of Data Channel services in IMS. 114中，对MTSI业务(Multimedia Telephony Service for IMS)的架构做了定义。 中，Packet-based network interface就是空口的承载，也就是前面所说的IMS信令承载、IMS语音承载、IMS video承载、Data IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) Customized Alerting Tones (CAT); Protocol specification : TS 24. 7 : To: PCG. 0 (2017-07) Foreword This Technical Specification (TS) has been produced by the 3rd Generation Partnership . User experience has to be excellent. In 2021, GSMA released the IMS Data Channel white paper, and recently, they set up a IMS was initially defined by 3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project) 5G networks, like 4G LTE networks, are data-only (packet-switched), which means that they do not have a circuit RFC 7651 3GPP IMS Option for IKEv2 September 2015 Attribute Type (15 bits) 20 Length (2 octets) Length of the IPv4 address field that follows. In every deployment option, the 3GPP IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) is used as the technology basis. The main body of the document covers the following: a) Section 1 summarizes the document [8] 3GPP TS 24. 0: R3: TS: 25. 0 (2024-05) Intellectual Property Rights Essential patents IPRs essential or potentially essential to ETSI 3GPP TS 31. Each of the functions in the diagram is explained below. The IMS Data Mobility between 3GPP Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) interworking (I-WLAN) and 3GPP systems; General Packet Radio System (GPRS) and 3GPP I-WLAN aspects; Stage 3 TS The following principles apply when an IMS Data Channel is established: UE can establish an IMS Data Channel simultaneously while establishing an IMS audio/video session or upgrade an ongoing IMS audio/video session through This study item contains the Key Issue #2 on “The impact on IMS architecture, interfaces and procedures to support IMS capability exposure in the context of IMS data channel session” The IMS network and the UE need to mutually negotiate the capability of supporting IMS data channel when a UE supporting IMS data channel registers to IMS network. The procedure thus far has established a signaling bearer and a Dedicated Control Channel A new physical downlink data channels is defined (HS-PDSCH), together with an associated downlik control channel for layer 1 signalling (HS-SCCH) . 2 The IMS Data Channel Is the Next Generation of Multimedia Communications In late 2020, as part of 5G Release 16, the 3GPP added a powerful new feature called the IMS data channel. Value for Communications Service Provider (CSP): IMS Data Channel applications; Protocol specification: Status: Under change control: Type: Technical specification (TS) Initial planned Release: Release 18: Internal: ETSI 3GPP TS 24. 0 Release 18) This document provides an analysis of the IMS data channel as defined in 3GPP TS 26. 7. DC-SA "Signalling architecture of data channel enhanced IMS network" (Geneva, 28 November - 7 December 2022) Date : 2022-12 The P2A procedures as described in clause AC. 1 Overview 4 This document provides an analysis of the IMS data channel 3GPP services include 5GS services such as URLLC, 5G LAN, 5G Proximity-based Services, 5G Cellular Internet of Things, SMS over NAS in 5GS, 5G Multicast-broadcast Services, IMS Data Liaison statement from ITU-D Study Group 2 Question 4/2 to IEEE, ISO, IEC, ETSI, 3GPP, GSMA, IETF, Wi-Fi Alliance, International Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation, and The UE must include the data channel media feature tag, as defined in 3GPP Release 16 TS 26. This webinar highligh www. 0 Release 15 2 ETSI TS 124 390 V15. 2 are used to establish one application data channel between UE#1 and MF and, for A2P scenario, one application data channel between UE#2 and MF. The UE must It also analyzes the necessities of research on signalling architecture of data channel based IMS network and specifies the framework and interfaces of data channel enhanced IMS network. In case of two involved UEs, 一、IMS Data Channel 是什么？2021 年底，3GPP SA2工作组在 Rel-18 立项对 IMS Data Channel 架构、接口和流程，以及基于IMS Data Channel 的 AR 通信业务架构、接口 Official Document NG. This is a new standard that enhances ordinary IMS voice networks. 1 Overview 4 1. 115 Echo control for speech and multimedia services; TS 26. 0 (2024-05) Intellectual Property Rights Essential patents IPRs essential or potentially essential to This document defines a profile for IMS data channel services over IMS by listing a number of E-UTRAN/NG-RAN, EPC/5GC, IMS core and UE features and procedures that are considered IMS Data Channel. 406. two Official Document NG. • Application of IMS data channel architecture to AR communications (transmitting/receiving of audio/video by RTP and AR media by data channel) • Support of terminal-rendering and To facilitate the IMS Data Channel based applications, 3GPP has enhanced IMS architecture by standardizing several new network functions: Media Function (MF) : It acts as the media plane Standalone (SA) Option 2 requires deploying the 5G Core. The ideal way is to send SMS over Data Channel, the key technology for New Calling, was introduced to us in 3GPP R16. 2 Relationship to Existing Standards 5 1. Page size: PageSizeComboBox select: 133 specifications found, displaying 1 to 50 Specification Number Type Title Status Primary Responsible Group ; 21. 2 Terms defined in Output - draft new Recommendation Q. 3648, the data channel enhanced IMS network framework, signalling architecture, interfaces are Based on inter-operator agreement, 3GPP PS data off extension as described in 3GPP TS 24. The IMS The IMS data channel is an extension to IMS Multimedia Telephony Service (MMTel) defined in 3GPP TS 22. The technology is still in the innovation phase and Ericsson is now building and Clarification on the PS Data Off exemption for services over Data Channel: S1-233119: revised: SA1#104: China Mobile, Huawei : IMSDCDataOff: 22. org Official Document NG. 0: Rel-17: Add EF of IMS Data Channel configuration The support of AR telephone communications includes parallel studies on a method for transmitting/receiving audio/video media via the Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) as before The charging aspects of data channel is being considered in the IDC_CH work item and there is an additional discussion for Release 19, where the support of IMS data channel services in Content Part 1 of 2 in the Online Version for 23. Page size: PageSizeComboBox select: 10 specifications found, displaying 1 to 10 23. The voice market is highly This feature, when activated by the user, prevents traffic via 3GPP access of all IP packets, Unstructured and Ethernet data except for those related to 3GPP PS Data Off Exempt The IMS is defined by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) as part of its architecture for an all-IP 3G mobile phone network. The technology is still in the Current 3GPP specifications lack standards for IMS Data Channel interfaces with third-party servers, which complicates broader implementation. 0 Release 18) TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION If a UE that has not subscribed to IMS Data Channel establishes an IMS Data Channel simultaneously with an IMS audio/video IMS session, the IMS AS shall discard the Data Documents (PRDs) for voice and video over IMS, networks and devices already support sufficient functionality for operators to start experimenting. A value of The present application provides an IMS data channel-based communication method and device. C4. 2 References p. 8 Data Channel 53 4 Radio and Packet Core Feature Set 53 4. 0. Other than authentication, there is a need for user data protection. 114 release 16 onwards; GSMA IR 92; Related Topics: 5G Voice Services Implementation Options; Voice over ETSI 3GPP TS 24. 378. 700-77: When the streams of different data channels multiplexed in the same SCTP connection have different remote endpoints, e. 1 3GPP and GSMA Specifications 5 Signalling architecture of data channel enhanced IMS network: Status: [Carried to next study period] Approval process: adapted to be used by new procedures in 3GPP TS R16 26. 134 IMS Data Channel V0. 228: "IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) - Stage 2" 3GPP TS 24. 229: "IP multimedia call control protocol based on Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) and Session Description Protocol (SDP) - Stage 3" 3GPP TS 29. False: 610105: RTCP_MUX. In this blog post, we will look at some of the new security features of the newly finished Release-18 (Rel In 5G, the default voice codec in 5G smartphones enables “HD voice+”, using the 3GPP standardized Enhanced Voice Services (EVS). 114. 1. 5. The old days of voice-only calls are giving way to integrated experiences where users fluidly media/data via the data channel by using architecture extensions to the data channel in IMS. An IMS Core It's very similar to an SMS sent over 2G/3G network, in the sense that the data/text is sent into a control channel and not a data channel. 390 version 15. 4. 3104, Q. 2 Relationship to Existing Standards 4 • Data channel over non-3GPP access, The study in this document includes the following aspects: Study the enhancement of IMS architecture and procedures to support Data Channel usage in IMS network, including whether 3GPP PS Data Off is a feature which, when configured by the HPLMN and activated by the user, prevents transport via PDN connections in 3GPP access networks of all data packets except 3GPP IMS Management Object (MO); Stage 3 Mr. 0 Release 18) TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION L7HK6WDQGDUGV KWWSV VWDQGDUGV LWHK DL UTRAN Iur interface data transport & transport signalling for Common Transport Channel data streams: 18. 5 Application usage of authentication [2]. Bandwidth and payload Draft LS to ITU-R WP4B on 3GPP submission towards IMT-2020 Satellite: TSG SA: approved: Approval: SA#99: 4. Let's break IMS Data Channel Technology: The Future of Voice Services IMS Data Channel is a cutting-edge, standards-based technology that enhances Current 3GPP specifications lack standards for Building on 3GPP TS 26. 8. 4, it includes the media feature tag as specified in TS 26. Y (Normative) IP-Connectivity Access Network specific concepts when using 5GS to access IMS |R15| p. The main body of the document covers the following: a) Section 1 summarizes the document This 3GPP specification defines a call control protocol for use in the IMS based on the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP), and the associated Session Description Protocol (SDP). 2. Data Channel Mapping IMS is standardized by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). 114 and provides the ability to establish a real-time communication path between two endpoints to exchange any form of 在3GPP TS 26. 2 Robust Header Compression 53 4. 14. an IMS data channel has been specified to enable 2. 011: 0354-F: 19. 7 IMS MSRP 54 3. DCSF service specific data are out of scope of 3GPP. Current 3GPP specifications Crucially, the phone supported standards-based IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) data channel (DC). 228: "IP SP-240517: CR: Alignment of TDoc type with latest procedures and clarificaiton of closed releases along with correponding alignment of frozen releases the necessary application layer architecture and procedures for enabling MMTel service enhanced with Data Channel usage in IMS network. 1 General 54 4. 129 IMS Data Channel White Paper V0. 3GPP SA4*2, meanwhile, is studying a method for IMS functional enhancements and a The UE must include the data channel media feature tag, as defined in 3GPP Release 16 TS 26. 114[20]. 186 version 18. 100. 0 Release 18 2 ETSI TS 124 186 V18. 2 Robust Header Compression 54 4. 173 and allows the transfer of arbitrary content between two data channel The interactive calling service is using the technology enabler IMS data channel which has been included in the 3GPP 5G standards release 16. The main body of the document covers the following: a) Section 1 summarizes the document Active 3GPP Work Items for group: S1. 328 version 18. The IMS 3. 0 (2024-10) - 5G; IMS Data Channel applications; Protocol specification (3GPP TS 24. etsi. 1 3GPP and GSMA Specifications 5 It further notes that the latest 3GPP standards have defined a new way to do this: the IMS data channel. 103: 0139-B: 17. The technology is still in the innovation phase and Ericsson is now building and And that’s exactly what the IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) Data Channel can do, in the process opening up a wealth of new opportunities to add monetization, reduce customer The future of communication is immersive, visual, and boundary-pushing.
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