D flip flop in modelsim

 

Refer to Figure 5. Nov 28, 2012 · Honored Contributor II. It prevents the inputs from becoming the same value. 4,850 Views. When T = 0, the flip-flop hold its state Q = Q. Include your code and the WLAN 802. STD_LOGIC_1164. Buffer . 2. each row should be producing a 32 bit vectors that contain the Q values from the D-ff's - which are then sent to a 8x1 MUX. Use Modelsim to create a positive edge triggered D Flip-flop. ARTICLES T & M section TERMINOLOGIES Tutorials Jobs & Careers VENDORS IoT Online calculators source codes APP. Use the 7474 or the DFF component for the D flip-flops, the 7447 component for the seven-segment display logic, INPUT and OUTPUT components and basic logic gates (AND, OR, NOT, etc. In this paper, a D flip-flop is designed using nine tracks operating with 0. This flip-flop is called T flip-flop. The value that was previously fed into the D input is reflected at the flip flop’s Q output. In ModelSim, you will need to set up the inputs to match the timing Nov 9, 2021 · in this video you will able to learn verilog code with testbench for jk flip flopjk flip flop verilog code,jk flip flop verilog,jk flip flop verilog code wit The device is an edge triggered D-type flip flop with active high asynchronous set and reset. Derive the state diagram of the sequential circuit. In my case, my modelsim. begin. Generate a Verilog file using the style of code in Figure3for the gated D latch. Sep 19, 2015 · The document discusses the design and analysis of a D-flip flop. So, let us discuss the latches (Flip flop) first. Your 'U' is caused by the output of the D flip flop being used in a combinatorial expression without being reset to a known state. D Flip Flop is the most important of all the clocked flip-flops as it ensures that both the inputs S and R are never the same at the same time. 2 Modeling Verilog flip-flops with asynchronous reset and asynchronous set. The problem I am facing is that only first instance of T_flipflop "T0" is working while other bits are on unknown state. The D flip-flop captures the value of the D-input at a definite portion of the clock cycle (such as the rising edge of the clock). nesoacademy. Note 1: when J=1 and K=1, the Q output toggles every time (from 0 to 1 and 1 to 0) Note 2: when J=0 and K=0, the Q output retains its previous state. q<=D; end. S-R Flip-Flop : S-R flip-flop is similar to S-R latch expect clock signal and two AND gates. The operation of each circuit is verified through the simulation results obtained by using the ModelSim tool. Let us now implement the ripplecounter block. My circuit has a grid of 32 x 8 D flip flops. Dasar Teori Kegiatan Praktikum 11 1. In the past, flip-flops with reset inputs were designed in a way that they were powered by external units. Flip Flop D Selain flip-flop S-R dan J-K terdapat pula flip-flop D. In a new project, lab9step3a, use the Gated D Latch you built to design a Negative-Edge- Triggered Master-Slave D Flip-Flop. Using this idea to expand the circuit into the 8-bit stage shift Mar 23, 2022 · 4-bit Ripple Carry Counter. A D-FF typically has three inputs: a data input that defines the next state, a timing control input that tells the flip-flop exactly when to “memorize” the data input, and a reset input that can cause the memory to be reset to '0' regardless of the other two inputs (usually referred as asynchronous reset). 1 discusses this design. The block has two input ports: the data pin D and the clock pin Clk. JK inputs of JK flip-flop combine together to form a single input T. D Flip-Flop : D Flip-Flop is a modified SR flip-flop which has an additional inverter. When I put in different x and y values in my testbench nothing happens, "state" and "d" just always says it has value "1'hx" in the simulation. It must be something simple I'm just overlooking. Change the “Type” field to “hierProp” and click on OK. IBM_CMOS8HP technology directory: /verilog gate-level Verilog models. A D Flip-Flop can be created from a Set/Reset Flip-Flop by connecting the set line to the reset line through an inverter. When you are convinced that the flip-flop is performing as predicted and you Optimized Design and simulations of D-Flip Flop using DSCH3, Xilinx ISE & Microwind: In this article we have studied the simulation, verilog verification and physical layout design of D Flip-Flops using different simulation softwares. Apart from being the basic memory element in digital systems, D flip – flops are also considered as Delay line Feb 1, 2022 · SystemVerilog serisinin 2. Ple The device is an edge triggered D-type flip flop with active high asynchronous set and reset. Std_logic_1164. So you know which signals are not driven. com/MrRobotvn01/VHDL_Homework/tree/main/BAI5 This type of D Flip-Flop will function on the rising edge of the Clock signal. The D-flip flop should take in a one-bit input and produce a one-bit output. For a series of three of these, such a system would be a divide-by-8. do Do file to observe the behavior of the Mar 12, 2015 · 2. All I want is support from you. 13 D-Flip Flop Clock The simplest form of D Type flip-flop is basically a high activated SR type with an additional inverter to ensure that the S and R inputs cannot both be high or both low at the same time. In this tutorial, you will learn how it works, its truth table, and how to build one with logic gates. do DO file to observe the behavior of the flip-flop. You could also create some intermediate signals and Feb 9, 2015 · Digital Electronics: Introduction to D flip flopContribute: http://www. Apr 9, 2017 · 1. It is based on the S-R latch, but it doesn’t have an “undefined” or “invalid” state problem. When you first drew out the four NAND gates and wired them up, you should have seen two red wires prior to simulation (using the pointed finger cursor. You don't stimulate 'en', so the d_ff_en will not change its status. S R Clk D S_g R_g Qa (Q) Qb Figure 6: Circuit for a gated D latch. 11-28-2012 01:32 PM. An efficient and optimal way to implement a D-flipflop circuit with reset input is to design a unit to create a reset input inside the D-flipflop. May 13, 2020 · D Flip Flop (Data) T Flip Flop (Toggle) The D in the D flip flop represents the data (generation, processing, or storing) in the form of states. Aug 17, 2019 · Let’s write the VHDL code for flip-flops using behavioral architecture. Do I first have to initialize the flip flops? And if so, how is that done? Thank you in advance. wait for 5 ns; reset <= '1'; Nov 28, 2022 · Etude des bascules D, JK et T. org/donateSubscribe https://www. It consists of a full- adder circuit connected to a D flip-flop, as shown in the following figure. input clk; input [n-1:0] D; output [n-1:0] Q; reg [n-1:0] Q; always @( posedge clk ) begin. ); Aug 19, 2015 · This can be a big problem if your simulator timing resolution is greater than or equal to your clock period (search modelsim. Before you use this code, make sure that you really need both to be asynchronous. In this tutorial, you will learn how it works, its truth table, and how to build Apr 21, 2014 · I'm currently teaching myself Verilog and as an exercise have been developing very basic modules and test benches for these modules. Feb 27, 2018 · About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features NFL Sunday Ticket Press Copyright Dec 13, 2022 · The D Flip-Flop is an edge-triggered circuit that combines a pair of D latches to store one bit. Thus the D flip flop has single input (D). This command will run the simulation for 20 ns and update the wave window. It can be thought of as a fundamental memory cell. It is an edge-triggered device, meaning that the input data (D) is transferred to the output (Q) on the rising or falling edge of a clock signal (CLK). 3. Verilog/VHDL Program1. In this topic: Netlist entry Axxxx data clk set reset out nout model_name Connection details Name Description Flow Type data Input data in d clk Clock in d set Oct 12, 2022 · Circuit of D flip-flop. The major differences in these flip-flop types are the number of inputs they have and how they change state. dersinde neler gösterdim?Modelsim ücretsiz versiyonu kurulumu Modelsim paralı ve ücretsiz versiyonları farklarıModelsim simulasyon Jan 21, 2016 · One solution would be to have one of the FFs reset to 1 instead of 0. We will code all the flip-flops, D, SR, JK, and T, using the behavioral modeling method of VHDL. 8 V and the poly pitch maintained is 0. Section 5. In ModelSim, you will need to set up the inputs to match the timing In a new project, lab9step3a, use the Gated D Latch you built to design a Negative-Edge-Triggered Master-Slave D Flip-Flop. The following code is me trying to properly generate the 32 x 8 D flip flops and test if I can get a vector out of them (the 32 bit I0 vector). In Ripple Carry Counter, first, the clock signal is passed through the first T Flip Flop. Under those conditions it doesn't matter if the configuration specifications are present in the working library or not, you aren't using them. A negative-edge triggered flip-flop triggers on the negative-going (1-to-0) edge of its clock input and is a perfectly valid thing to do, though rarely is it done. Lab Preparation - Design 8-bit shift register (with D-flip-flop)) using Quartus/Verilog (C0 3,4) Activities: Connect to "Global Protect", and then to Campus Computing through Ssasafras. D Latch Timing Diagram Now, simulate the schematic that you created in ModelSim. Such division is frequency and phase coherent to the source over environmental variations, including temperature. Simulate and verify its working. 11ac 802. It is more common to just have one of them to be asynchronous and the other to be synchronous. JK Flip Flop in Xilinx using Verilo Apr 9, 2020 · The JK flip flop is a gated SR flip-flop with the addition of a clock input circuitry that prevents the illegal or invalid output condition that can occur when both inputs S and R are equal to logic 1. Then, we’ll get the output in waveform and verify it with the given This is a Verilog model of an array of D flip-flops with enable line along with a test bench used in ModelSim Altera: module Register_Design #(parameter Width = 4 Sep 3, 2016 · Here we are going to learn about D-Flip Flop with asynchronous and synchronous resetRead abt it here :- http://goo. Usually, such courses cost a lot of money but here it is for free. D flip – flops are also called as “Delay flip – flop” or “Data flip – flop”. Here is the DFF module (no reset): parameter n = 1; // DFF width. module ripplecounter(clk,rst,q); May 15, 2024 · Prerequisite - Flip-flop 1. I guess it has something to do with using output as input, as I'm not well versed with sequential circuits in vhdl but combinational circuits seem doable. com/user/nesoacademy/featuredFace Dec 5, 2021 · I'm new to VHDL, and I wanna design a T Flip-Flip that toggles and change Q based on T input, and here is what I have library IEEE; use IEEE. In the “Name” field, type “verilog”. Purpose: Verify correctness of synthesized circuit. Step 1: Open the transistor property window. The D-type flip-flop is a modified Set-Reset flip-flop with the addition of an inverter to prevent the S and R inputs from being at the same logic level. Unfortunately, at the very beginning (before any activity in c or clk) the x value is wrong because my initial Step 1. be/y9fL7ahhwn0FULL ADDER USING HALF ADDER IN VERILOGhttps://youtu. Use ModelSim with lab9step2and3. ALL; use IEEE. youtube. When you are convinced that the flip-flop is performing as predicted, and you are Here, I have explained what exactly is D-Flip Flop and how to implement the same using Verilog. Say. At other times, the output Q does not change. The D-type Flip-flop overcomes one of the main disadvantages of the basic SR NAND Gate Bistable circuit in that the indeterminate input condition of SET = “0” and RESET = “0” is forbidden. Create a new Quartus project. Before running the simulation, draw the theoretical Q output for both the D Latch and D flip-flop. 9a. To make your cycles of equal length, use a synchronous reset (instead of an asynchronous one, like you implemented) For example: module d_ff_high(. A D flip-flop is a type of flip-flop that stores a single bit of data. 24 nm. Nov 17, 2017 · About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features NFL Sunday Ticket Press Copyright May 17, 2018 · For more complete information about compiler optimizations, see our Optimization Notice. The output of the code!! I have figured out Mar 21, 2024 · Designing of D Flip Flop. Include screenshots of your Verilog code and testbench, and simulation waveforms. This is beneficial for Electronics & Communication Engineering Students. A D-flip flop overcomes these limitations using a gated SR flip flop with an inverter between the S and R Oct 25, 2018 · Today, I'll discuss the detailed Introduction to JK Flip Flop. The easiest configuration is a series where each D flip-flop is a divide-by-2. 4 for a detailed explanation of D Flip-Flops. Verilog & ModelSIM Tutorial by Sabbir Ahmed ShibliPlease Subscribe my channel and Like, Comment & Share this video. 2 Konfigurasi IC 7474 In Logisim, your RS stage at the end of your D-latch has outputs tied back to inputs used to determine that output. Conver Dec 13, 2022 · The D Latch (Quickstart Tutorial) December 13, 2022 by Omar Muñoz Urias. D Flip Flop in VHDL. Now, let’s write, compile, and simulate a VHDL program. In this video, i have explained JK Flip Flop in Xilinx using Verilog/VHDL by following outlines:0. Flip Flop. Exercices sur les bascules D, JK et T. You could achieve this without the pulse detector circuit by replacing the D Latch with a D flip flop (which is edge triggered). First D Flip Flop is constructed in Xilinx, then it's stimulus is created also in Xilinx and then simlated using Isim and Modelsim. It begins by introducing flip flops and their use for storing state information. The reset is the same for all the T flip flops. gl/PjnbybWach theory here :-http://goo. input d, clk; output q; wire tmp; ff firstff (tmp, d, clk); ff secondff (q, tmp, clk); The way I see it, it's possible that the value of tmp is updated before it is used by secondff, thus resulting in one flip a) Draw a state transition table and derive the input equations for implementing the counter using D flip-flops and logic gates. I'm pretty sure the d flip flop code is correct but when I try to test this my d and state values are just x for some reason. The circuit responds to the positive edge of clock pulse to the inputs S and R. If you don't have a flip flop that with a set (instead of a reset) signal, you can simulate one by putting inverters on the input and output, which will provide a '1' to be clocked around your ring counter when you apply reset. Flip flop implementation with process. It is commonly used as a basic building block in digital electronics to create counters or memory blocks such as shift registers. Nov 27, 2017 · Design and develop the Verilog / VHDL code for D Flip-Flop withpositive-edge triggering. It compiles fine, but when I try to simulate run the waveforms (j,k,clk,q,qbar), my modelsim stops responding. Figure 2. Flip-flop D dibangun dengan menggunanakan flip-flop S-R seperti ditunjukan gambar di bawah ini Gambar 1. 4 Master-Slave and Edge-Triggered D Flip-Flops Apr 4, 2014 · Both Flip Flops outputs show the asynchronous reset behavior because the ASYNCH architecture is the last analyzed and you aren't simulating the elaborated configuration. I am implementing a 4 bit counter using a D flip flop. A D Flip Flop can be constructed from two D Latches and a NOT gate as shown here: Nov 5, 2023 · Understanding the D Flip-Flop. Problem 10 and 11Using ModelSim create a D-lip flop. i try to simulate [1:0]flip-flop in ModelSim and i see one normal signal (out_inf [0]) and one blue signal (out_inf [1]). 4. These will be the first sequential circuits that we code in this course on VHDL. The two states are binary, 0 (Low) and 1 (High), set or reset, positive or non-positive. It then discusses the need for a D-flip flop due to limitations in the basic SR flip flop. all; port(. About verilog flip flop delay. For the second T Flip Flop, the output of the first T Flip Flop acts as a clock and so on. The D input must be stable prior to the LOW-to-HIGH clock transition for predictable operation. Mar 22, 2022 · The objective of this chapter is to describe in VHDL the design of sequential logic circuits such as latches, flip-flops, shift registers and various counters. Use the Zoom->Zoom Full menu item in the wave window to expand the waveform display. The operation of the device is illustrated by the following diagram: D-type Latch. When the clock signal is high, the flip flop samples and stores D input. This simple modification prevents both the indeterminate and non-allowed states of the SR flip-flop. Perform the following steps: 1. do again to observe the behavior of the flip-flop. Form what I understand you are trying to build a circuit (using on logic gates) that toggles an LED on the rising edge of the input. We’ll also write the testbenches and generate the final RTL schematics and simulation There are two types of D Flip-Flops being implemented which are Rising-Edge D Flip Flop and Falling-Edge D Flip Flop. This D Flip Flop functions as follows. code: library IEEE; use IEEE. Question: 1. Use the /* synthesis keep */ directive to ensure that separate logic elements are used to Oct 18, 2020 · file thiết kế: https://github. plz Join Our Social Media Page for Study materials,V Jan 29, 2023 · Refer to section 5. When high, they override the clock and data input forcing the outputs to the steady state levels. The S and R inputs are now replaced by a single D input Sep 13, 2009 · You will need to repeat this step until you have added all of the necessary delays. A positive-edge triggered flip-flop triggers on the positive-going (0-to-1) edge of its clock input. Replacing the NOT gate with single So we have chosen customized designing of D flip-flop with inverter buffers and tristate inverter buffers which reduces power consumption when compared to other types of flip-flops like SR flip-flop and JK flip-flop. A sequential circuit has one flip-flop Q, two inputs x and y, and one output S. rising or falling edge of the clock, the flip-flop content remains constant even if the input changes. Sep 17, 2019 · In terms of occupied area, delay and number of cells, the proposed D Flip-Flops are superior to previous structures. be/9uIJEmqeMrwRIPPLE CARRY ADDE xor(xoy,x,y); xor(d,xoy,state); dff a(d,clk,state); begin. NOTES T & M World Website. – The JK flip-flop with a preset and a clear circuit: Truth table. It is an improved version of the SR Flip Flop and prevents the circuit from going in an invalid state. Chapters in this Video:00:00 Introduction to Sequential Circuits and D-Flip Flop11:17 Verilog Coding of D-Flip Flops19:41 Simulation of D-Flip Flops in Vivad In a new project (lab9step3a), use the Gated D Latch you built to design a Negative-Edge-Triggered D Flip-Flop. The output updates only when the clock signal transitions on the active edge of Question: Q. 11ad wimax Zigbee z-wave GSM LTE UMTS Bluetooth UWB IoT satellite Antenna RADAR. Apr 19, 2015 · 2. This page covers D Flipflop without reset VERILOG source code. Jul 5, 2021 · Design Mod 16 synchronous UP counter Using D flip flopDesign 4 bit synchronous up counter# digital electronicsSynchronous Counter Figure6shows the circuit for a gated D latch. Jun 14, 2023 · The basic working of D Flip Flop is as follows: When the clock signal is low, the flip flop holds its current state and ignores the D input. In this topic: Netlist entry Axxxx data clk set reset out nout model_name Connection details Name Description Flow Type data Input data in d clk Clock in d set Nov 11, 2021 · Dear Friends in this video you will able to learn erilog code for D flip flop with testbench very easily. 4 Now run the simulator for sufficient time by typing the following command in the ModelSim main window: VSIM 4>run 20. They are used to store 1 – bit binary data. c The logic diagram in Figure 4-6 illustrates a three-stage shift register. When the Clock edge changes from low to high, the Output Q gets the value of the input D. The block transfers the data at D to the output pin Q. com/sabbirshibliYou ca Jun 17, 2020 · I cannot get a T-Flipflop from a D flipflop to work in Modelsim even after it came directly from class notes. This chapter also cover the implementation and validation of the operation Flip Flop. Post-synthesis simulation. all; Feb 11, 2021 · Introduction to XILINX and MODELSIM SIMULATOR https://youtu. The set and reset are asynchronous active HIGH inputs. A tip: do not give a default value to the signals in a testbench, that way ModelSim will flag the 'X'-value (or perhaps 'U') by drawing a red trace. ) The D Flip-Flop block implements a behavioral model of a clocked D flip-flop. 2) Merangkai rangkaian FLIP FLOP D B. std_logic_1164. gl/ VSIM 3>force -freeze /and2/a 0 5. ini had "Resolution = ns", so even my 1 ns clock was too fast, causing it to get stuck forever, incrementing delta cycles but never progressing past 0 ns. When T = 1, the output keeps changing Q = Q̅ upon each clock cycle. Flip Flop is basically a device which maintains its state until positive or negative edge of clock triggered. STD_LOGIC_ARITH. Sesuai dengan namanya,input flip-flop ini adalah D. 1. If D = 0 then Q will be 0. For each type, there are also different variations Feb 24, 2019 · This Tutorial helps you to understand the VLSI CAD Lab (VHDL). Use ModelSim and the lab9step2and3. Q <= D; end endmodule. Feb 25, 2021 · In this case I'm simulating a jk flip flop with only j,k and clock (no set , reset). Remember to set the schematic as the top-level entity prior to compiling. Synthesis tool generates: Gate-level netlist in Verilog (and/or VHDL**) Standard Delay Format (SDF) file of estimated delays. And press on “Add” which is circled in red. Here is the verilog implemmentation of D Flip Flop. Can someone please. Jun 19, 2020 · This video shows how to write the structural code for T Flip Flip flop in xilinx model simulator with neat gate level representation and truth table for the Apr 26, 2024 · This course is designed to convey the full information. Verify synthesis tool delay/timing estimates. It is constructed by joining the S and R inputs with an inverter in between them, as shown below. It can be thought of as a basic memory cell. The D flip-flop is widely used, and known as a "data" flip-flop. It is a flip-flop, also known as a latch circuit, that can be either active-high or active-low based on the signal applied. There are several types of D Flip Flops such as high-level asynchronous reset D Flip-Flop, low-level asynchronous reset D Flip-Flop, synchronous reset D-Flip-Flop, rising edge D Flip-Flop, falling edge D Flip-Flop, which is implemented in VHDL in this VHDL project. ini for "Resolution"). The D flip-flop can be designed using two RS flip-flops, as shown in the figure below (view T stands for the toggle. input D, input clk, input rst, output reg Q. The output of the Flip-Flop can be clocked. Oct 19, 2020 · The difference is as simple as their names, there's nothing hidden in the depths. A T flip-flop is a modified version of JK flip-flop. Step 2: A “Add Property” Window will pop-up. They are one of the widely used flip – flops in digital electronics. The behaviour of the flip-flop circuit is exactly what I want AFTER the clock or the input c hits. Turn in the D-flip flop code, the test bench code, and the output waveform. Aug 9, 2023 · The D in D Flip-Flop stands for Data, indicating that this Flip-Flop stores the value on the data line. module D_FF (q, Clk, reset_n,d); o I describe how to use VHDL to describe a D flip-flop, while pointing out approaches that don't work. Below is the video, code and some screenshots of the D flip flop schematic-Video- Sep 1, 2018 · The proposed Edge Triggered Resettable D-flip flop structure. I am trying to write verilog code that will set the initial value of the output of a positive-edge triggered flip-flop to 0. However, I get undefined output unless I give initial values to all the D flip flop outputs. 4. Write a SystemVerilog program to implement it and simulate it n ModelSim. My Channel: youtube. Verilog code for Rising Edge D Flip Flop: input D; // Data input input clk; // clock input output Q; // output Q always @( posedge clk) begin. Due to this additional clocked input, a JK flip-flop has four possible input combinations, “logic 1”, “logic 0”, “no change” and An arrangement of D flip-flops is a classic method for integer-n division. . The D flip-flop can be viewed as a memory cell, a zero-order Jun 26, 2012 · q = d; I would like to know why this would continue to work correctly if two or more of these flip-flops were connected in series. The simplest way to get the D flip flop buried in the T flip flop entity reset to a known would be to add a second process to the test bench along the lines: RESET_PROC: process. The latches are as Bistable Multivibrator as two stable states. A D flip-flop (D-FF) is one of the most fundamental memory devices. The D stands for ‘data’; this flip-flop stores the value that is on the data line. At last, set and reset pins will be added to proposed designs, and this is Apr 30, 2015 · One way to do this would be to use a FF with a set input for Q3. [VHDL] 1. That captured value becomes the Q output. Q = D; Mar 9, 2010 · I compiled the following VHDL code in Actel Libero, then simulate it using modelsim. It includes test bench along with RTL Schematic. The D Latch is a logic circuit most frequently used for storing data in digital systems. When the Clock stays low or the clock stays high, the output does not change, it stays at its previous value. The block stores a one-bit value, either 0 ( low) or 1 ( high ). There are basically four main types of latches and flip-flops: SR, D, JK, and T. 3. 1 Flip-flop D Gambar 1. ) However, once you poked the CLK line a few times, all that should have Sep 10, 2021 · Inputs J and K behave like inputs S and R to set and clear the flip-flop (note that in a JK flip-flop, the letter J is for set and the letter K is for clea February 6, 2012 ECE 152A - Digital Design Principles 3 Reading Assignment Brown and Vranesic (cont) 7Flip-Flops, Registers, Counters and a Simple Processor (cont) 7. The video below shows D Flip Flop realization in verilog HDL and simulation using Xilinx and Modelsim. Apr 4, 2018 · Simulate Flip-Flop D ISim 12. One of these modules is the D Flip Flop (DFF). VHDL code for Rising Edge D Flip Flop: USE IEEE. b) Enter your design in Quartus. For example, for asynchronous clear, the code would be: Feb 24, 2012 · A D Flip Flop (also known as a D Latch or a ‘data’ or ‘delay’ flip-flop) is a type of flip flop that tracks the input, making transitions with match those of the input D. For that, I have first written the code of D flip-flop then converted it to T flip-flop and then used it to make a counter. 0 D Flip-Flops Refer to Section 5. qw jf sn gb mp fk ku vq li xu