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Louisiana botox laws for botox

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  • Under Section 4729. Learn more how Botox injections at Louisiana Women's Aesthetics can help you look and feel your very best. Online Booking (225) 636-2603. Compare Get a consultation or call: (504) 814-1793. This position statement was approved by the State Board of Dental Examiners on April 16, 2010. 3. Call (985) 237-6050. You’ll also need to put together a highly-skilled and well-trained team to perform the Botox treatments in your mobile clinic. Injection of Botox is considered non-incisive and non The qualifications for administering Botox injections vary by state. Professionals permitted to administer Botox under state law can complete the necessary continuing medical education We offer BOTOX services in Baton Rouge, Gonzales, Watson, Lafayette, and Lake Charles! Williamson Cosmetic Center is proud to offer Louisiana Botox ® and other cosmetic services to help rejuvenate your appearance. Due to facial expressions like squinting in the sun Responding to physicians’ requests, in May Allergan debuted a single use/single patient, 50-unit Botox Cosmetic vial costing about $289, says Ms. Jan 23, 2019 · The law prohibits aestheticians, medical assistants, and dental hygienists from administering botulinum toxins (Botox, Dysport, and Xeomin) and other dermal fillers like Juvéderm. Hopefully, you support your local chapter of whichever profession you belong to. Contact your state’s professional association about state Botox injection laws. Many practitioners seek paid referrals from others in the health care field as well as nonmedical providers, such as health centers, hair salons, and spas to grow their business. Real stories: I have been going to Dr. This position statement was published in the Texas Register on May 14, 2010. For more information on how AmSpa can help your practice operate legally and profitably, Contact Us online or call us at 312-981-0993. Hopefully, you found the answers to your questions in this article. Tennessee. . 2 reviews. Pope for about 5 years now for Botox and some other injectable treatments including fat dissolving under the chin. Van Hove. Oral surgeons use it to help with reconstructive surgery, such as to realign a jaw or repair a cleft palate. BOTOX® is a cosmetic injection made up of botulinum toxin type A. Perfect results. See full list on worldpopulationreview. 5911. Who may legally administer Botox or other injectable is not discussed in Pennsylvania law. Product liability lawyers at Pintas & Mullins Law Firm affirm that an Oklahoma court recently upheld a $15 million jury verdict in favor of a woman seriously injured by Allergan Inc. She was very friendly, knowledgeable, and informative. Similar to dermal filler injections, they improve one's look, minimize skin imperfections, and temporarily delay the indications of aging. Dysautonomia. The board does not regulate dental materials of any type. Botox may be administered by doctors, PAs whose practice agreements authorize it, and NPs who have been assigned the task by a physician. 0460-02-. injections of Botox or future FDA-approved neurotoxins fall within the specialty dental practice of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 173 answers. nursing . AmSpa's summary of Tennessee med spa laws offers a quick reference on who can own, who can inject, who can fire a laser Apr 11, 2016 · There’s good news for dental practices in Nevada hoping to better capitalize on the high demand for Botox and dermal fillers: both dentists and hygienists with proper training can now administer these injectables. Real stories: Very satisfied with my results! Dr. The difference is that Dysport is generally best used to treat the glabella, the area in between the eyebrows. General Dermatology & Aesthetic Dermatology providing Botox services to Slidell, Madisonville and Hammond, LA and Picayune, MS. Botox is considered the practice of medicine in Tennessee, so anyone who conducts the treatment must be a licensed physician or be under the supervision of one. It’s a proven safe and effective method to get rid of unwanted wrinkles in any part of the face, such as the forehead, between the eyebrows, and neck. Nevertheless, 50 units is still 2. (A) As used in this section, "physician" means an individual authorized under Chapter 4731. 1 photo. Jul 2, 2023 · To ensure your compliance with applicable legislation, you can take the following steps: Ask if other nearby medical professionals provide Botox by contacting your state professional association. *. 12 caplets/day or 6 grams/day. It’s injected underneath the skin into the areas surrounding the eyes, forehead, and mouth. AmSpa's summary of Oklahoma med spa laws offers a quick reference on who can own, who can inject, who can fire a laser View Details. Previous rulings set a precedent when a nurse was disciplined for performing Botox injections on a client without a physician’s direct orders (Department of Health v. 6 Botox doctors & clinics in Monroe, LA. The Board found that the RN could administer Botox injections under a physician’s supervision because administering Botox was Apr 16, 2010 · [4] These products are primarily Botox®, Restylane®, Dentox® and similar products. RNs may also administer Botox if they are supervised and operating on a physician's order. Your mobile Botox clinic may also need to Aug 3, 2020 · 01/28/2003 10/09/2023. Compare Get a consultation or call: (225) 686-5594. Kentucky law also provides that treatments like laser hair removal should be done by a physician who has undergone formal training and completed at least 30 treatments with supervision. For assistance with the specifics of your case, call (888) 420-1299 or contact us online. Janine Hopkins, MD Board Certified Dermatologist. Medical technology is constantly evolving, and we reserve the right to review and Your E-mail. AmSpa's summary of Indiana med spa laws offers a quick reference on who can own, who can inject, who can fire a laser and Botox. However, some states also allow licensed practical nurses to administer Botox. AmSpa's summary of South Carolina med spa laws offers a quick reference on who can own, who can inject, who can fire a or Call us at: 1 (877) 234-5911. 120 Meadowcrest Street Suite 430 Gretna, Louisiana 70056. Legal issues around who can own or use a cosmetic laser or IPL are among the most common questions asked by both physicians and non-physicians who are investigating the medical spa market. Every patient is unique. 17 grams of polyethylene glycol 3350 in 4-8 oz water by mouth once daily. That said, there are some caveats: most states require a licensed physician to open a med spa, while others allow anyone with enough AmSpa Plus. Physicians, PAs with Board-approved additional duties, and NPs with a protocol agreement that includes Botox and dermal filler injections are all legal under Georgia law. In most states, you must be a registered nurse (or have a higher medical degree). Botox® and dermal fillers are the fastest and most efficient way to make the facial changes you want at Louisiana Aesthetics and Skin Care. Tenn. Lucius J. Stay safe! Sep 2, 2023 · The Government has opened a consultation to gather insights and opinions on how to make Botox procedures and other non-surgical cosmetic treatments safer. The plaintiff successfully claimed that injections of Allergan’s Botox caused her to develop botulism poisoning. We customize every one of our plans to fit your needs exactly. Scope and details The issue of whether a registered nurse can legally administer Botox has been clearly addressed under Florida law. Double vision. Otherwise, you cannot legally administer any cosmetic injectable. About half of states allow dentists to do Botox for cosmetic reasons, and rules in those states for dental hygienists vary. It also works to prevent wrinkles from forming in the first place. The practitioner must also Colorado. Some procedures such as Botox injectables are taxed at 6% in the state. Comp. But they must have adequate training and supervision. Become a Plus member to see answers for your state to all 103 medical aesthetic legal questions. New regulations that took effect August 23 in Maryland will help ensure that anyone looking to have Botox or wrinkle filler injections or have laser hair removal in the state can be sure that the person performing the procedure is a physician or medical professional. SB-101, an approved bill that is about to become law, will prevent anyone other than a physician from administering BOTOX® injections. had botox done 3 times already. Top 10 Best Botox in Shreveport, LA - June 2024 - Yelp - Jade MediSpa, 8445 Medical Spa, Fixx Medical Spa, Bridges To Beauty, Longevity Center, A Brighter Smile Dental Care, Ark-La-Tex Dermatology, Rejuvime Medical, Bryan Vekovius, MD, REVIV Health & Wellness. Join the millions of women who share one special thing, the real, noticeable results of BOTOX® Cosmetic. Learn more about the provider. According to the NCBON, RNs and LPNs can administer Botox or other injections if the procedure has been ordered by a physician Iowa. However, estheticians may be called upon to help a doctor or a nurse who is working under the supervision of a physician throughout the process. Nov 12, 2023 · In the United States, the laws and regulations governing who may administer Botox vary considerably by jurisdiction and state. I had my first daughter at 22, and my second at 25. & Regs. Jones, Esquire (Partner) of Jones Health Law, P. BOTOX Cosmetic (onabotulinumtoxinA) is a prescription medicine that is injected into muscles to temporary treat moderate to severe frown lines between brows of adults 18 to 65 years of age. A, Monroe, Louisiana. 1. Who can own a med spa in Louisiana? Who can inject Botox, Dysport, Xeomin and fillers in Louisiana? Who can fire a laser in Louisiana? May 20, 2024 · Section XXXIII-132 - Administration of Botox and Dermal Fillers. Botox/Dysport/Fillers can enhance appearance by reducing the signs of aging and improving the look of certain facial features. 45. In Idaho, Botox injections are considered medical procedure and must be administered by a licensed physician, a physician assistant (PA) under the guidance and supervision of a licensed physician, or a nurse practitioner (NP) if it is within their area of independent practice. At Northshore Plastic Surgery LLC, we offer BOTOX Cosmetic and Dysport to patients in the New Orleans, LA, area. 45 | Administration of injections. The ban applies to health care providers licensed in Connecticut and other states. They are commonly used to treat dynamic wrinkles, such as frown lines, crow Sep 2, 2023 · 2 September 2023. This is why a lot of patients are requesting appointments and visiting their nearby aesthetic providers. g. Combination one-day Botox & Dermal Filler training at YOUR office in New Orleans, LA with after-training support. Section 4729. Trisha Lorraine White, R. A. It is true that "injections for aesthetic purposes" are not specifically authorized in an RN's scope of practice, but likewise there is nothing specifically AmSpa Plus. 3 contacts · last 30 days. BOTOX Treatments. 15 reviews. Request a Consultation. Doucet, MD Board Certified Plastic Surgeon. Request an appointment at our Baton Rouge, Gonzales, Watson, Lafayette, or Lake Charles location today! Visit Our Online Store. 23 reviews. AmSpa's summary of Illinois med spa laws offers a quick reference on who can own, who can inject, who can fire a laser Jul 19, 2023 · It seems the Board of Nursing has an unwritten policy that RNs cannot inject Botox or dermal fillers even when under the supervision of a physician and with specific training and education. Simeon Wall, Jr, MD, FACS Board Certified Plastic Surgeon. Call: 877. This law goes into effect on July 1st and will change the course of treatment for many patients, but not for patients of […] May 10, 2023 · Current law permits a dental hygienist to perform procedures beyond those listed in A. The information on this site is for general reference only and accuracy cannot be guaranteed, as medical spa legalities and regulations change very frequently. In Iowa, Botox and collagen injections are considered medical procedure and must be administered by a physician. Despite some positive results being reported, there are also reports of debilitating side effects in those under age 18, such as: Muscle weakness. Getty Images. For more information on Botox or to find out if this treatment is right for you, call The Aesthetic Boutique at 337. Furthermore, Tennessee's general delegation law is broad in nature, authorizing delegation to PAs, RNs, NPs, LPNs, and pharmacists As a result, a physician can inject Botox Join our email list to get tips on how to get more patients and keep them! Botox training certification for Nurses (RN), Nurse Practitioners (NP). There is a Decision Making Scope of Practice Flowchart that you can follow to help clarify what your state’s botox laws entail for NPs. States where dentists can do aesthetic Botox include, when last we checked: Wisconsin. N. If NC state law requires alternative licensure (e. HOURS Real stories: Before having children, I was a very small B cup. " * " indicates required fields. The board does not issue permits for the administration of Botox or dermal fillers. Compare Get a consultation or call: (318) 523-4958. 3 mi. Kyle Coleman, MD Dermatologic Surgeon, Board Certified in Dermatology. Our training course is scheduled in YOUR office. Over 7. 1224 St. 13 reviews. Connecticut. Amendment to Health and Care Bill will give the Health Secretary powers to introduce a licence for non-surgical cosmetic procedures such as Botox and fillers. com Here’s what you need to know about Botox laws by state — specifically, around who can offer botulinum toxin treatments — and how to find accredited Botox courses that satisfy local credentialing requirements. Jul 12, 2019 · A patient being treated by a registered nurse (RN) without first seeing the doctor, NP or PA is the biggest legal risk of Botox parties, or any other social event involving medical aesthetic treatments. *Nevada recently passed a law restricting the injection of Botox and fillers to a doctor's office, essentially banning the ability to host Botox parties. With the right legal team on your side, you will have the resources to help you recover damages after suffering a Botox or injectible injury. The move comes as an estimated 900,000 Aug 12, 2013 · Posted on: August 12, 2013. Schedule a consultation today (225) 201-2090. who perform incidental practices of cosmetology, esthetic practices, and nail technology in the normal course of the practice of their profession. Botox is a cosmetic technique that can only be done by a medical doctor who has a valid medical license. You will need to need to provide your active medical license upon enrolling in a Botox training course, which brings us to step 2. ’s Botox injections. Rules require that a dental exam be performed and medical history obtained prior to prescribing or administering any medication. This relaxes and smooths the look of lines and wrinkles that are caused by repetitive facial movement. “It Jun 20, 2017 · An upcoming law is causing quite a stir among Nevada residents. Contact Gilman & Bedigian online or at 800-529-6162 for a free consultation. First, you should consult with your State nursing board as they will know the latest rules (they do change!). The government could ban unlicensed providers of cosmetic treatments in England, in what industry bodies say would be the biggest shake-up in a generation. Furthermore, except for licensees in a health career subfield, Michigan's general delegation law requires licensees to delegate Georgia. |. George H. See more reviews for this business. BOTOX® Cosmetic and Dysport® contain a small amount of botulinum toxin to relax underlying muscles and smooth lines and wrinkles. Nov 30, 2022 · Throughout the United States, it’s most common for MDs (Doctors of Medicine), DOs (Doctors of Osteopathic Medicine), NPs (Nurse Practitioners), and PAs (Physician Assistants) to open and operate med spas. AmSpa Plus. Schedule Appointment. The drug might be used to relax a stiff and painful temporomandibular joint. If a registered nurse (RN), licensed practical nurse (LPN Disclaimer: The information and answers contained in these frequently asked questions provide a general guide to certain laws that apply to "medical spas" in this particular state. By law, cosmetic procedures, including botox administration, must be performed (1) in a medical spa or licensed At The Aesthetic Boutique, Botox is performed by a Board-Certified Nurse Practitioner who is experienced, educated, and certified. Botox and other injectable are thus subject to the general rules governing physician delegation of medical services. Iowa. 5 times the approved dose, says Dr. Botox injections are not permitted by LPNs or MAs. This chart helps to “identify, describe, or clarify the activity, intervention or role under consideration”. Any trained licensed or accredited non-physician with the education, training, experience, and ability to competently and safely conduct the injection procedure may be delegated by the physician. Florida. (B) (1) Subject to division (C) of this section, a pharmacist Aug 20, 2022 · In that state, hygienists can do injections when directly supervised by a dentist or oral surgeon. (collectively referred to as the “Company”), unless otherwise provided in the applicable contract. 6. Maryland. , Baton Rouge, Louisiana. In the states of Mississippi and Virginia, the use of Botox in dentistry is restricted to oral and maxillofacial surgeons who have completed a specific residency. Botox, an FDA-approved injection, has rapidly gained popularity as a sought-after aesthetic procedure. MiraLax® (Polyethylene glycol 3350) Hirschsprung’s Disease, Internal Anal Sphincter Achalasia, Chronic anal fissure. § 32-1281, such as administering Botox, so long as four conditions are met: (1) the procedure is recommended or prescribed by the supervising dentist; (2) the dental hygienist has received instruction, training, or education to perform the procedure in a Caplet: 2 caplets up to 6 times daily Powder: 2 grams in 8 oz of cold water by mouth up to 3 times daily. Medical Professionals In Lafayette, Louisiana. This post was authored by Jamaal R. Even if the patient consents to being treated by the RN without first seeing a doctor, the RN is not allowed to inject the patient without the In Oklahoma, Botox injections are considered medical procedure and must be administered by a licensed physician, a physician assistant under the guidance of a licensed physician, or a nurse practitioner if it falls within their scope of practice, national credential, population focus, and written supervision agreement with the physician. Louisiana Pain Specialists, New Orleans, LA Phone (appointments): 504-276-7487 | Phone (general inquiries): 504-754-2334 Address: 5620 Read Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70127 Connecticut law prohibits the practice of in-home “botox parties” at which a health care provider administers botox to a person in his or her home. of the Revised Code to practice medicine and surgery or osteopathic medicine and surgery. Botox is one of the most common non-invasive cosmetic procedures in the country. ” 2001 WL 839032, at *8. AmSpa's summary of Minnesota med spa laws offers a quick reference on who can own, who can inject, who can fire a laser May 2, 2022 · There are some reasons, the board acknowledged, for dentists to inject Botox. BOTOX® is most commonly used to treat forehead lines, lines between the Sep 8, 2020 · A Botox injection, which uses a safe, diluted amount of toxin, is extremely popular. Botox injections are considered the practice of medicine in Michigan. Botox is considered the practice of medicine in North Carolina, so someone who conducts it must be a licensed practitioner, PA, or NP, or someone working under the direction of one of those licensees. North Carolina. Pope, MD Board Certified Plastic Surgeon. BOTOX Treatments in Baton Rouge. Botox injections are one of the most popular treatments in any aesthetic practice today. AmSpa's summary of Maine med spa laws offers a quick reference on who can own, who can inject, who can fire a laser and Persons authorized by the law of this state to practice . 6 mi. 234. Louisiana Yes, NPs can certainly inject Botox ®. 225. Sep 12, 2023 · Botox is an effective and safe solution dental hygienists can use in their medical practice; the main condition here is for them to have a valid medical license, as well as find out whether the state law permits dental professionals to use botulinum toxins. Our workshop includes comprehensive Botox training and Juvederm Hands-On training. 2. This puts Nevada’s policies in line with most other states in the United States and a growing number of jurisdictions around the AmSpa Plus. Licensed nurses are held responsible and accountable for practicing at all times within the scope associated Here is a partial summary of what the law is regarding the use of Botox by dentists in 27 states. (212) 470-8059 HERE ARE MY TOP 4 TIPS FOR UNDERSTANDING YOUR STATE’S BOTOX INJECTION LAWS. 1 mi. 06(8)(c)10-11. AmSpa's summary of North Carolina med spa laws offers a quick reference on who can own, who can inject, who can fire a Jul 26, 2023 · On July 7, 2023, the Florida Nursing Board issued a new declaratory statement following a recent request from an RN that the Board clarify whether the RN could administer Botox under the supervision of a physician. Applies to all products administered or underwritten by Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Louisiana and its subsidiary, HMO Louisiana, Inc. 1 contact · last 30 days. Next, take the Intro to Dermal filler course and then finally the Lip Augmentation course. , providing massage and bodywork therapy beyond the context of nursing care delivery), the nurse must obtain required education and licensure PRIOR to implementing procedures. 2 contacts · last 30 days. jrj@joneshealthlaw. You pay your dues to this organization, and it’s their role to advocate for your profession. A. So let’s look at the most typical reasons for lawsuits and disciplinary actions. H, Hammond, Louisiana. Strong emphasis is placed on learning the anatomyof skin, how does Botox works, facial muscles and proper injection depths to ensure great results. 42078 Veterans Ave. 6 Robyn Daugherty, MD Board Certified Plastic Surgeon. Only the classic injection techniques and treatment protocols as described in the medical literature are taught. Disclaimer: The information and answers contained in these frequently asked questions provide a general guide to certain laws that apply to "medical spas" in this particular state. 8995 or Request a Consultation. Case Number 2016-13884). Administration of injections. AmSpa's summary of Utah med spa laws offers a quick reference on who can own, who can inject, who can fire a laser and in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. , Ste. R. And like Botox, Dysport is an effective wrinkle reducing treatment. 7 mi. The procedure can, however, be delegated to a physician assistant, nurse practitioner, registered nurse, licensed practical nurse, or even an unlicensed individual by the physician, under the guidance of a physician, whether Dec 6, 2021 · Anti-Kickback and Fee-Splitting. A quick web search for “Botox malpractice” reveals that personal injury lawyers are eager to take on these cases. 2509 Broadmoor Blvd. View Details. Basically, if you can currently prescribe (controlled) drugs, you can most likely offer In the steps below, we outline how to get certified in Botox injections: 1. C. 8150 Jefferson Hwy. Botox and Dysport are used to temporarily relax the muscles that cause wrinkles and fine lines. Login here. 2 As the court observed in Dentistry, oral and maxillofacial surgery “is a specialty that must fit within [the] definition of dentistry. You may need a medical director to oversee all the injection procedures and assure that the highest standard of care is provided to the patients. Here's a question posted inside the Medical Spa MD LinkedIn Group. COMMON BOTOX SIDE EFFECTS. com. It works by blocking nerve signals that cause facial muscles to contract. When I was breastfeeding my breasts were amazing, View Details. Feb 28, 2022 · 28 February 2022. Nevada now limits who can administer the popular cosmetic procedure to a physician assistant, dentist, registered nurse, advanced practice registered nurse or Sep 13, 2023 · Board of Medicine Board of Nursing Botox Florida Board of Medicine Med Spa Nurse Registered Nurse. Maryland’s New Rules for Botox Injections, Wrinkle Fillers. Improperly Administered Botox. Login using the link below to view a list of all the legal summaries you have access to. Idaho. where we provide "On-Call Legal Services to Healthcare Professionals". (212) 470-8059. First, you’ll want to take our Intro to Neurotoxin course as it is a prerequisite for all our other courses. For more information contact us at (305) 877-5054; email us at 2. 29. Nevertheless, it is AmSpa Plus. Entering the field of aesthetic medicine starts with training and researching your state laws and regulations. Since 2002, BOTOX has kept faces looking refreshed and rejuvenated by reducing or eliminating the appearance of facial wrinkles. Check the archives of your state legislature for the applicable statutes; this may take Sep 18, 1981 · 6/18/2010 The administration of botox, for cosmetic purposes only, is within the scope of practice of licensed practical nurses in the state of Louisiana when the following conditions are met: A physician licensed to practice medicine in the state of Louisiana has first examined the client and determined that the injection is appropriate. Compare Get a free consultation or call: (504) 662-9909. “ [A] properly trained general dentist could be allowed to use Botox Top 10 Best Botox Injections in Slidell, LA - June 2024 - Yelp - Northshore Rejuvenation, Northshore Dermatology, Esthetic MD Med Spa, Hilton Dermatology & Aesthetics, Serenity Skin Care & Spa, Vita Nova Health and Wellness, McElveen Linda Dr, Dimitri Dermatology, Esthetic Med Spa, Bleu Beauty Call Louisiana Aesthetics and Skin Care or click online booking to schedule your Injectables – Botox & Fillers consultation today. 852. Maybe you’re just getting started, or maybe you’re a seasoned injectables practitioner; either way, these aesthetic business blog posts are packed with goodies that can help you grow your medical spa and offer your clients premium services. Michigan. Garcia, who estimates he’s lost 20 to 25 percent of his Botox business to injectors who ignore the new rules. As a result, estheticians are not permitted to provide Botox injections to patients in New Jersey. Since 1999, it’s been the top cosmetic procedure performed by plastic surgeons in the United States. It’s not uncommon for medical practices to incentivize their staff through commission-based pay. 3) Get Proper Botox Training. To book an appointment at Northshore Dermatology, call us at 985-641-5198. If you are not a physician, nurse or medical professional, you cannot administer Botox. Nov 26, 2023 · With these free botox business resources at hand, you’ll have everything you need to start and manage a successful injectables business. In many states, use of Botox by dentists is permitted, but restricts its use to Like Botox injections, Dysport also uses an active ingredient derived from the Clostridium botulinum bacterium. However, you may wish to acquaint yourself with the practice standards followed by non-nurse estheticians, as there is Mar 3, 2021 · While Botox can be administered only by licensed medical professionals, usually acting under a plastic surgeon’s or other physician’s supervision, Botox procedures do not require special licensing or extensive training. Real stories: Best dermatologist I've seen and I'm from D. Botox injections are considered medical procedures in Colorado and must be performed by licensed physicians. R. Virtual consultations accepted. Charles Avenue, C-8, New Orleans, Louisiana. $845 per year. Meet the Requirements. Providers — and many patients — know that improperly administered Botox can have grave consequences. 201. Using these laws as a guide, the Board has ruled that a dentist may use Botox and dermal fillers, provided the use is directly relevant to dental practice AND the dentist has obtained and completed appropriate training. However, since Botox® is a controlled substance, your State may require that you work with a physician. 2090. Reason (optional) Request appointment. Sep 7, 2014 · Louisiana Cosmetic Laser & IPL Law Questions & Answers. S. Daugherty gave me some great suggestions on Botox and fillers. For fillers and Botox in dentistry, Michigan Board of Dentistry’s restrictions aren't clear, putting the state behind the times by not allowing the practice. Get in touch with the medical licensing board in your state. ch cl te ku ua ah yx ax bx dn