Philippine clean air act of 1999 tagalog. PD 1586 : Violation of ECC Conditions.

It mandates the Department of Environment and Natural Resources to monitor air quality, establish ambient air quality standards, and formulate an Integrated Air Quality Improvement Framework. Purpose. Salient Features of Republic Act No. 8749 (THE PHILIPPINE CLEAN AIR ACT OF 1999) (Text Available at Office of the National Administrative Register, U. 4 / OCT. The law establishes comprehensive guidelines and regulations to manage and reduce air pollution. The State shall protect and advance the right of the people to a balanced and healthful ecology in accord with the rhythm and harmony of nature. Legislation | Philippines | 1999 Keyword: Basic legislation, Air quality/air About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features NFL Sunday Ticket Press Copyright Basic Air Quality Policies. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the Philippines in Congress x) PNS - shall refer to the Philippine National Standards; consistent with Section 26 of R. 8749) outlines the government’s measures to reduce air pollution and incorporate environmental protection into its development plans. SAMPLE NOV FOR. - This Act shall be known as the “Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999. - It declares the state policy to protect people's right to a balanced ecology and maintain air quality for human health. It seeks to advance the right to a healthy ecology, promote local government responsibility for environmental problems, and recognize that a clean environment benefits The Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999, or RA 8749, mandated the creation of slogans to raise public awareness and support for clean air initiatives. 8749 June 23, 1999 Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 An Act Providing for a Comprehensive Air Pollution Control Policy and for other purposes Republic Act No. The State shall promote and protect the global environment to attain . AN ACT REQUIRING THE MANDATORY COMPLIANCE BY MOTORISTS OF PRIVATE AND PUBLIC VEHICLES TO USE SEAT BELT DEVICES, AND REQUIRING VEHICLE MANUFACTURERS TO INSTALL SEAT BELT DEVICES IN ALL THEIR MANUFACTURED VEHICLES. legal na batayan ng philippine clean air act of 1999 24. Law Center, Diliman, Quezon City) Adopted: 07 Nov. RA 8749: Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999. The law not only covers the industrial and transportation sectors but also prohibits open-field burning, including that of rice straw. This document outlines rules and regulations for implementing the Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999. 8750 August 5, 1999. 192, Series of 1987, the Department of Environment and Natural Resources hereby adopts and promulgates the following rules and regulations: PART I GENERAL PROVISIONS Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the Philippines in Congress assembled: CHAPTER I GENERAL PROVISIONS ARTICLE ONE BASIC AIR QUALITY POLICIES SECTION 1. Short Title. These Rules shall be known and cited as the “Implementing Rules and Regulations of the Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999. 8749 (clean air act)Based on 2016 statistics from the World Health Air pollution c Apr 18, 2024 · The program covers the full implementation of Clean Air Act. The Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 4. - This Act shall be known as the "Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999. 8749 PHILIPPINE CLEAN AIR ACT OF 1999. This Act shall be known as the “Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999. 8749, or the Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999, prohibits smoking inside enclosed public places including public vehicles and other means of transport, and other enclosed areas, and directs local Maki-isa sa adbokasiya na magkaroon nga malinis na yamang tubig karapatan mo ito bilang Pilipino. 9275) aims to protect the country’s water bodies from pollution from land-based sources (industries and commercial establishments, agriculture and community/household activities). Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the Philippines in Congress assembled: CHAPTER I GENERAL PROVISIONS ARTICLE ONE BASIC AIR QUALITY POLICIES SECTION 1. detrimental to health or the environment, which includes but not limited to smoke, dust, soot, cinder, fly Short Title. These slogans aim to encourage Filipinos to take personal responsibility for reducing air pollution by making positive changes such as reducing vehicle emissions, conserving energy, and avoiding May 21, 2024 · The Republic Act No. Pursuant to the provisions of Section 51 of Republic Act No. Section 2. Regulation of All Motor Vehicles and Engines. 8749 PHILIPPINE CLEAN AIR ACT OF 1999 Pursuant to the provisions of Section 51 of Republic Act No. The Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 establishes the Department of Environment and Natural Resources as the lead agency in implementing the country's air quality management program. 8749 “The Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 ” “An Act Providing for a Comprehensive Air Pollution Control Policy and for Other Purposes” Milestone Dates for RA 8749 June 23, 1999 Clean Air Act was enacted July 02, 1999 Publication of CAA July 17, 1999 Effectivity of CAA November 7 The Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004 (Republic Act No. TLE ANUNG MERON SA PHILIPPINE CLEAN AIR ACT OF 1999 DEFINE ENGLISH ; 27. 7916, otherwise known as the "Special Economic Zone Act of 1995" Republic Act No. Philippine clean air act of 1999 estrada; 3. 8748 June 1, 1999 An Act Amending Republic Act No. The correct answer is C Ang Philippine Clean Air Act, ay isang komprehensibong patakaran at programa sa pamamahala ng kalidad ng hangin na naglalayong makamit at mapanatili ang malinis na hangin para sa lahat ng mga Pilipino. Scope. Section 47. - The state will pursue balanced development and environmental protection through The Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 establishes policies and an administrative framework to pursue balanced development and environmental protection through air quality management. It is an act providing for a comprehensive air pollution control policy and for other FAO organizational chart; Regional Office for Africa; Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific; Regional Office for Europe and Central Asia; Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean Jun 23, 1999 · SECTION 1. mimaropa. For violations of all other provisions provided in this Act and of the rules and regulations thereof, a fine of not less than Ten thousand pesos (P10,000) but not more than One hundred thousand pesos (P100,000) or six (6 In 1999, _____ enacted _____ otherwise known as the Philippine Clean Air Act, landmark legislation setting a comprehensive air quality management policy and program aiming to achieve and maintain _____ for all the people in the Philippines. Dulot kasi nito ang pagkalason ng hangin. 8749, otherwise known as the “Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999; y) Renewable Energy Sources - shall refer to energy sources that do not have an upper limit on the total quantity to be used. Jun 23, 1999 · Article OneBasic Air Quality Policies. The Climate Change Act 2009 (Act No. The State shall protect and advance the right of the people to a balance and healthful ecology in accord with the rhythm and harmony of nature, on 25 Aug 2004. Other This executive order invoked the Clean Air Act of 1999 and the Tobacco Regulation Act of 2003 to impose a nationwide ban on smoking in all public places in the Philippines. ARTICLE 1 DECLARATION OF PRINCIPLES AND POLICIES. ” Section 2. 5. It mandates various government agencies to support its implementation. 10 of 2015 implementing Rules and Regulations of the Philippine Fisheries Code of 1998 (R. " Sec. Short Title - This Act shall be known as the "Philippine Clean Air Act. This document is the Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 which establishes policies and guidelines for air pollution control in the Philippines. cdrep. SECTION 2. OF REPUBLIC ACT NO. A. Safety Regulations1. report flag outlined. " SECTION 2. May 23, 2024 · A major piece of law, the Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999, aims to. Isinusulong ng RA 9275 o Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004 na maprotektahan ang katubigan sa bansa laban sa polusyon ng imprastraktura, agrikultura at mga kabahayan . The Ambient Air Monitoring Network shall be expanded gradually to cover the entire country. With a bureau sized staff, operations for implementing the law is inefficient. It recognizes the rights of citizens to clean air and participation in environmental decision making. P. It aims to protect people's right to breathe clean air through pollution prevention and control strategies. Isa sa mga ipinagbabawal ng Clean Air Act ang "incineration" o pagsusunog ng basura. The penalty of imprisonment of six (6) months and one day to six (6) years and one day and a fine ranging from Six hundred pesos (Php600. Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999. Figure 1. - This Act shall be known as the "Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999". Related to Air Pollution. ph Website: www. Batas Republika Bilang 8749 "Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 25. Explanation: WHEREAS, in pursuit of the policy of the State to guarantee the enjoyment of the right of every citizen to breathe clean air, Republic Act No. 8749. 8747 March 4, 1999 Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like RA of PHILIPPINE CLEAN AIR ACT OF 1999, Pollution deaths of the Philippines in every 100,000 people in 2018 (include rank), Rank of PH in Air Quality index 2020 most polluted air and more. 11 NO. " Section 2. View and download. 192, Series of 1987, the Department of Environment and Natural Resources hereby Jun 30, 2019 · Enacted in 1999, the law has failed to realize its promise as a sweeping measure against air pollution, as the Philippines still records emissions higher than the acceptable values. 192, Series of 1987, the Department of Environment and Natural Resources hereby adopts and promulgates the following rules and regulations Ambient Air Monitoring Network for the assessment of ambient air quality. Mar 27, 2022 · Answer: Republic Act No. Nov 7, 2000 · November 07, 2000. jynharlequinjuanillo. 8749, otherwise known as the “Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999,” and by virtue of Executive Order No. The Department of Environment and Natural Resources is designated as the lead agency and is tasked with developing a national air quality report and regulations. 192, Series of 1987, the Department of Environment and Natural Resources hereby adopts and promulgates the following rules and regulations: PART I GENERAL PROVISIONS Kasama sa Clean Air Act ang iba’t ibang paraan ng pagharap sa polusyon na ibinubuga ng pinagmumulang malalaking industriya. Fines and Penalties for Violations of Other Provisions in the Act. Republic Act No. Declaration of Policy. Purpose The purpose of these Rules is to provide guidelines on the operationalization of the Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999. emb. The State shall promote and protect the Feb 19, 2021 · QUEZON CITY, Philippines — Greenpeace today warned that Republic Act 8749 or the Clean Air Act of 1999—the country’s foremost law to protect Filipinos from the adverse effects of air pollution—is under threat. BASIC AIR QUALITY POLICIES. 8749, was signed by former president Joseph Estrada on June 23, 1999, becoming one of the major environmental laws in the Philippines. No. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the Philippine Congress Assembled: CHAPTER 1 GENERAL PROVISIONS. improve and maintain the nation's air quality. 2. The Philippines has had a national programme for air pollution management and prevention, the Philippine Clean Air Act (No. Batas Republika Bilang 8749 Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 Itinataguyod nito ang pagtugon sa suliranin sa polusyon sa hangin sa pamamagitan ng pakikipagtulungan ng mga mamamayan at mga industriya. Answer: Ang Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 ay isang komprehensibong patakaran at programa sa pamamahala sa kalidad ng hangin na naglalayong makamit at mapanatili ang malusog na hangin para sa lahat ng mga Pilipino. The act also defines Oct 15, 2015 · Republic Act No. 11321 establishing the Farmers and Fisherfolk Enterprise Development Program (known as Sagip Saka Act). The presence in air, beyond certain limits, of various pollutants discharged through industrial emission and from certain human activities connected with traffic, heating, use of domestic fuel, refuse, incinerations, etc, has a detrimental effect on the health of the people as also on animal life, vegetation and property. Upang maibsan ang problemang ito sa maruming hangin ay ipinatutupad ng DENR ang Republic Act 8749 o kilala rin sa tawag na Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999, na isang polisiya at programa na layuning mapanatili ang malinis na hangin para sa mga Filipino at mapababa ang masamang epekto ng air pollution sa ekonomiya ng bansa. youtube. The environmental group is calling on Senators to defend the health of Filipinos and uphold one of the country’s most ARTICLE ONE. 00) shall be imposed upon any person who shall violate section 13(a) to (c) of this Act and shall not be covered by the Probation Law. Section 3. Subalit isinusulong ngayon sa Kongreso ang House Bill 2286 na naglalayong ipasawalang-bisa ang pagbabawal ng Clean Air Act sa incineration. Rosarda aka Sir Adrasor Dec 8, 2020 · RA 8749, the Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 and its implementing rules and regulations by Philippines. The Philippines Clean Air Act of 1999 (Republic Act No. – This Act shall be known as the “Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999. 9729) established a Climate Change Commission, an independent body tasked to coordinate, monitor and evaluate programs and action plans of the government related to Republic Act No. Scope These Rules shall lay down the powers and functions of the Department of Environment and Dec 1, 2007 · x) PNS — shall refer to the Philippine National Standards; consistent with Section 26 of R. Ipaliwanag ang kahalagahan ng mga sumusunod 2. Nov 12, 2022 · To prevent pollution, the Clean Air Act, also known as Republic Act No. Mga karapatan na kinikilala ng RA 8749 philippine clean air act of 1999; 8. It provides an overview of the Act, including its basic air quality policies and principles, declaration of policies to balance development and environmental protection, and recognition of citizens' rights to clean air and participation in decision making Nov 22, 2017 · The Clean Air Act of 1999 (RA 8749) is a Philippine law that aims to protect the environment from air pollution and ensure clean air for all Filipinos to breathe. 8749 or the Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 │ 1 Republic Act No. 8749, otherwise known as the "Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999," and by virtue of Executive Order No. 8749), since 1999. Administrative Order No. known as the Clean Air Act of 1999? 7. Section 22. Air pollutant. Feb 19, 2021 · Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 (RA 8749) The law aims to formulate a holistic national program of air pollution management and encourage cooperation and self-regulation among citizens and industries through market-based instruments. Short Title - This Act shall be known as the "Philippine Clean Air Act Batas republika bilang 8749 philippine clean air act. Social justice The Bureau shall design and establish an Ambient Air Monitoring Network for the assessment of ambient air quality, and a National Research and Development Program for the Prevention and Control of Air Pollution. Evolution of the Clean Air Act of 1999 (Republic Act 8749): Bills. — This Act shall be known as the "Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999. gov. Key aspects of the law include designating attainment and non-attainment areas, regulating emissions SECTION 1. Records Management Unit: (02) 8633 8900 E-mail Address: embmimaropa@emb. Ang Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) at National Water Pursuant to the provisions of Section 51 of Republic Act No. Polluters are responsible for their impacts. 8749, also called as the Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999, is considered a comprehensive policy on air quality management that aims to protect and enhance the country’s air Section 1. ” SECTION 2. Philippine Clean Air Act. It provides for a comprehensive and integrated strategy to prevent and minimize pollution through a multi a) i. 23, 1999, in response to the increasing concerns this video is for educational purpose only CHM 031Advocacy video about RA. 183 people found it helpful. 8749, other wise known as the “Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999”; y) Renewable Energy Sources — shall refer to energy sources that do not have an upper limit on the total quantity to be used. The resolution for this good law is to upgrade the Bureau to a separate Department of Environmental Protection with its own Cabinet level secretary to oversee its functions and mandate. [2] The ban replicates on a national level an existing ordinance in Davao City that Duterte created as mayor in 2002. 3. Article 1 Basic Air Quality Policies. Bakit kailangan ipatupad ang Philippine clean air act of 1999? 6. - This Act shall be known as the "Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004. Feb 25, 2020 · Enhance transparency and expedite the review and update of the air pollution standards under Republic Act 8749 or the Clean Air Act of 1999; Issue a moratorium on all Permits to Operate Air Pollutant Installations especially for proposed coal power plants until the Ambient Air Quality Guideline Values and Standards and Emission Standards are Pursuant to the provisions of Section 51 of Republic Act No. Article One Basic Air Quality Policies. RA 8749- Philippine Clean Air Act. 81 containing implementing rules and regulations of the Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999. The State shall promote and protect the global environment to Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the Philippines in Congress assembled:: Chapter 1 General Provisions. An Act providing for a Comprehensive Air Pollution Control Policy and for other purposes. 8749, also known as the Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999, aims to provide comprehensive air pollution control and management in the country. REPUBLIC ACT – 8749 PHILIPPINE CLEAN AIR ACT OF 1999. clean air act of 1999; 26. also known as Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999. 10654. [ DENR ADMINISTRATIVE ORDER NO. Click the card to flip 👆. It seeks to advance the right to a healthy ecology, promote local government responsibility for environmental problems, and recognize that a clean environment benefits everyone. com/watch?v=Yxvx4m1sldU Lyrics by: Albert M. General Provisions Declaration of Principles. SECTION 1. 2000-81, November 07, 2000 ] IMPLEMENTING RULES AND REGULATIONS FOR REPUBLIC ACT NO. R. Some key points: - It declares principles of protecting the right to a balanced ecology and promoting sustainable development. - It recognizes principles like Pursuant to the provisions of Section 51 of Republic Act No. These Rules shall lay down the powers and RA 8749: Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 June 23, 1999 An Act Providing For A Comprehensive Air Pollution Control Policy And For Other Purposes Apr 27, 2023 · SECTION 1. 00) to Four thousand pesos (PhP4,000. Declaration of Principles. any matter found in the atmosphere other than oxygen, nitrogen, water vapor, carbon dioxide, and the inert gases all in their natural or normal concentrations, that is. The objective of the Clean Air Program is to come up with a comprehensive national program to achieve and maintain air quality that meets the National Air Quality Guidelines for Criteria Pollutants throughout the Philippines, while minimizing the possible associated negative impacts Almost two decades ago, the country enacted the Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 to introduce stringent pollution standards and provide comprehensive policies to reduce, control, and prevent air pollution. – The State shall protect and advance the right of the people to a balanced and healthful ecology in accord with the rhythm and harmony of nature. Any imported new Short Title - This Act shall be known as the "Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999. - This Act shall be known as the "Philippine Clean Water Act Mar 3, 2020 · Ra 8749. on 01 Jan 2000. Ano ang layunin ng RA 8749 o Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999? 23. PD 1586 : Violation of ECC Conditions. An Act providing for a comprehensive air pollution control policy. Any imported new or locally-assembled new motor vehicle shall not be registered unless it complies with the emission standards set pursuant to this Act, as evidenced by a Certificate of Conformity (COC) issued by the Department. " Section 2. Eleventh Congress. The purpose of these Rules is to provide guidelines on the operationalization of the Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999. Philippines Air Quality Index (AQI) Mobile Applications: Philippines Air Quality Index denr_dashboard. Jan 25, 2020 · The Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 was signed into law by former President Joseph Estrada in July 27, 1999. Title. ph. REPUBLIC ACT 9003 January 26, 2001. herokuapp. 9003. IMPLEMENTING RULES AND REGULATIONS OF REPUBLIC ACT NO. The law was passed on June. The Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 (RA 8749) was enacted on June 23, 1999, to combat air pollution and ensure the right to clean air for the Filipino people. 0 (1 review) RA 8749. , 2002, Dept. DENR Administrative Order No. Date of text: 22 September 2015. 2000. SEC. Section 1. This document summarizes key Philippine clean air laws and ordinances, beginning with the Clean Air Act of 1999 (Republic Act 8749). (NAR) VOL. Jul 11, 2022 · What is Clean Air Act of 1999 (RA 8749) It recognizes the basic right to breathe clean air; An act providing for a comprehensive air pollution control policy and for other purposes; It believes in the “polluters pay principles” because a clean and healthy surroundings is for the good of all and should, therefore be the concern of all; 22. 192, Series of 1987, the Department of Environment and Natural Resources hereby adopts and promulgates the following rules and regulations: PART I GENERAL PROVISIONS Feb 19, 2022 · Ang R. Such resources are renewable on a regular basis; Environmental Management and Enforcement Division: (02) 8633 2587; Clearance and Permitting Division: (02) 8633 2587. – This act shall be known as Philippine "Clean Air Act of 1999". of Environment and Natural Resources edition, in English AN ACT PROVIDING FOR A COMPREHENSIVE WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES . Source: https The Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 establishes a national program to manage air pollution through cooperation between the government and private sector. It also tasks the national and local governments to protect the environment. The Act provides for the creation of a national program of air pollution management focusing primarily on pollution prevention; for the promotion of mass media. Basic Air Quality Policies. This Act shall be known as the "Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999. 8550) as amended by R. Air pollution clearances and permits for stationary sources shall be necessary to operate. —. Pag-unawa sa Clean Air Act Tungkulin ng EPA Sa ilalim ng Clean Air Act, ang EPA ay nagtatakda ng mga limitasyon sa ilang air pollutant, pati na ng mga limitasyon kung gaano karami ang maaaring nasa hangin sa United States. It should be noted that in the 8th Congress, there were no records of any air pollution-related bills that were filed in the Senate but there were resolutions that sought to address the air and water pollution problems in the country. com Dec 12, 2020 · About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features NFL Sunday Ticket Press Copyright 2. LTO Reviewer you can use to practice for your test for free. Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999, Republic Act No. 8749 o Clean Air Act na ipinatupad noong 1999. — The State shall protect and advance the right of the people to a balanced and healthful ecology in accord with the rhythm and harmony of nature. But air pollution has been an environmental issue in the country for a very long time, even with the presence of the law. It establishes the following: - The Department of Environment and Natural Resources is responsible for adopting and promulgating these rules. The Clean Air Act of 1999 (RA 8749) is a Philippine law that aims to protect the environment from air pollution and ensure clean air for all Filipinos to breathe. ”. " SEC. Sino ang nagpatupad ng Philippine clean air act of 1999; 5. [3] The order took effect on July 23, 2017, 60 days Sep 8, 2014 · The Clean Air Act of 1999 (RA 8749) is a Philippine law that aims to protect the environment from air pollution and ensure clean air for all Filipinos to breathe. 8749 o "Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999" ay naglalayong panatilihing malinis ang hangin sa pamamagitan ng pagbuo ng mga pambansang programa at pagpigil sa polusyon sa Dec 16, 2022 · =====The Our Perspective With Sir Adrasor Theme Song https://www. – This Act shall be known as the "Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999. Nakuha mula sa: Kagawaran ng Kapaligiran at Likas na Yaman. - The State shall protect and advance the right of the people to a balanced and healthful ecology in accord with the rhythm and harmony of nature. It relies heavily on the polluter pays principle and other market-based instruments to promote self-regulation among the population. The Act mandates the (a) implementation of air quality action plan that includes emission limits, monitoring Subject: AN ACT PROVIDING FOR A COMPREHENSIVE AIR POLLUTION CONTROL POLICY AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the Philippines in Congress assembled: Chapter 1 General Provisions Article 1 Basic Air Quality Policies Section 1. 8749 The Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999. Batas Republika Bilang 9072 - “National Caves and Cave Resources Management and Nov 22, 2022 · Course requirement for NSCI 111 - People and the Earth's EcosystemGalamiton, Leny BelleMelanio, Johncen MarieNabos, StiffanyNoga, Danielle BeatricePanerio, M Republic Act No. - The State shall pursue a policy of economic growth in a manner consistent with the protection, preservation and revival of the quality of our fresh, brackish and marine waters. – DEC. AN ACT PROVIDING FOR AN ECOLOGICAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM, CREATING THE NECESSARY INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISMS AND INCENTIVES, DECLARING CERTAIN ACTS PROHIBITED AND PROVIDING PENALTIES, APPROPRIATING FUNDS THEREFOR, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES. IV. qt jy ls ys fz kg kl tl dv lq