Scottish people. Social and friendly, once they know you.

6% of the Australian population. The origins of the Scottish clans can be traced back to the ancient Celtic tribes that inhabited Scotland before the Roman conquest. Scottish people often use the phrase, “Och aye the noo!”. Óengus mac Fergusa, King of the Picts, campaigns against Dál Riata, and seizes and burns the royal centre of Dunadd . This showreel by Creative Scotland is a celebration of Scotland's rich cultural heritage and The clans today. The demographic history of Scotland includes all aspects of population history in what is now Scotland. Mix the tomato paste, water, salt, pepper, onion powder and Italian seasoning in a separate bowl. Campbell – this very common Scottish surname means “crooked mouth. The Scottish People are a nation and an ethnic group indigenous to Scotland. Or use our advanced people search to search specific record types in one category at a time. It has never made the top 1000 list in Black Scottish people (also referred to as African-Scottish, Afro-Scottish, or Black Scottish) are a racial or ethnic group of Scottish who are ethnically African or Black. Nov 14, 2023 · Scotland is a culturally rich and diverse country with plenty to offer tourists. Although the various languages of Gaelic, the Scots and Scottish English are distinctive, people associate them all together as Scottish physicist James Maxwell’s contributions included the formulation of the classical theory of electromagnetic radiation and the production of the first light-fast color photograph. Scotland has a similar climate to the Arctic circle. It’s also important to remember that the facial characteristics of individuals can Feb 27, 2024 · Physical Characteristics of Scottish People. This legendary origin of the Irish people is also shared by the Scots. 732. It must be said though that this image is up to a certain point valid for the Highland-Gaelic area but doesn’t include the lowlands of Scotland although most people, and specially the tourist agents, want us to belief that. According to the 2011 Australian census 133,432 Australian residents were born in Scotland, which was 0. Scotland has produced a large number Apr 5, 2020 · Scottish Traits and the Personality of the Scots. We’re stuck indoors for the foreseeable. Ancient clans started as far back as the 12th century, and each generation has added to it. William was Sir Malcolm Wallace's second son of three. Used in association with black Scottish identity, the term commonly refers to Scottish of Black African and African-Caribbean descent. | 2014. Robert Burns is the national poet of Scotland. Drizzle the mixed sauce over the ingredients in the slow cooker and mix thoroughly. Scottish History articles including Scots Law, Wars of Independence, Gaelic, weaponry, sherrifs. Scottish government records from the 12th century to the present day. He has also written poems and was an Elder of the Church of Scotland. When most people think of Scotland, the first things that come to mind are its lush countryside, rolling hills, and dramatic coastline. 05. This is the fourth most commonly nominated Scottish people or Scots are people native to Scotland or who are descended from a native of Scotland. 4. Self-isolation, social distancing, house arrest, lockdown…. SNP supporters felt strongest about Scotland being better than most countries (60%), with 19% saying it was the best country in the world. Learn about the warmth, hospitality and diversity of the Scottish people. 'the place of the Gaels ') is a historical region of Scotland. A fizzy orange beverage popular in Scotland since 1901, Irn-Bru is as Scottish as kilts, bagpipes, and haggis. ——. Gaelic Scotland: The Transformation of a Culture Region , 1988. The Tearooms have recently been restored and renamed as ‘Mackintosh at the Willow’. Scottish Symbol. Please remember that your user name is now your email address. With a blend of Celtic, Norse, and Anglo-Saxon roots, Scottish facial traits exhibit a beautiful combination of different gene pools. The 2011 Scottish census showed approx 30% of people in Scotland spoke Scots. Scottish national identity is a term referring to the sense of national identity, as embodied in the shared and characteristic culture, languages and traditions, [1] of the Scottish people . If you have ancestral ties and a clan history in Scotland, a trip to your clan’s homeland is an incomparable and moving experience like no other. The Scottish Connections Framework seeks to expand links and networks with: Scottish people living elsewhere in the world. They lived in Scotland during the early medieval period, from around AD300 to AD900, but many aspects of The Scottish people or Scots are an ethnic group and nation native to Scotland. Dec 12, 2013 · People from all over the globe can probably drum up various images that embody all that is Scottish – from folklore to personality traits with some food and drink in between. Woman's Claim of Right Group. 4m site views a year and around 1 million unique users since its launch in 2002. The royal symbol of Scotland, representing bravery, strength, and dignity. Glasgow Smallpox Vaccination Registers 1801-1854. ”. Scotland is a land of rugged beauty and proud heritage. Bawhair is used to determine a very short distance; literally meaning the width of a pubic hair. Jul 2, 2023 · Scottish people have a distinctive blend of features. Younger people (66%) felt most strongly that Scotland was We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Patriotic - Scottish people might complain about the weather, or politics, or whatever but we're fiercely proud of their country and will defend it with their last breath. Statutory registers of births, deaths and marriages (from 1855) Old Parish Registers (1553 to 1854) Other Presbyterian church records (1761 to 1854) Feb 13, 2013 · THE FIRST PEOPLE. But to experience the third, you can simply go on Twitter (now X)—some people even say Scottish Twitter is arguably the nation’s finest export. Feb 23, 2024 · Basic Records. A Woman's Claim of Right in Scotland: Women, Representation, and Politics , 1991. Yessirree, higher education in Scotland is free. It . They almost all speak Scottish English, but some of those living in the Lowlands and the islands may speak the Scots (a Anglic language) as well. Scandinavian Scotland was the period from the 8th to the 15th centuries during which Vikings and Norse settlers, mainly Norwegians and to a lesser extent other Scandinavians, and their descendants colonised parts of what is now the periphery of modern Scotland. Aug 30, 2021 · 2. those with Scottish heritage. May 10, 2017 · This Framework provides a basis for such an understanding. Our collections include: registers of births, deaths, marriages, divorces, civil partnerships, dissolutions and adoptions. It is difficult to pin down a “Scottish Look”, but many Scots possess strong and defined facial features. Dec 26, 2023 · Chart of Scottish Symbols and Their Meanings. Many groups have peopled this small country north of England over the centuries, including the Irish, Picts, Gaels, Vikings, Romans, and English. 3. The clan’s traditional heartlands are mainly in Lowland Scotland – Lanarkshire and Dumfries & Galloway – as well as Angus A second referendum was held in September 1997, with the vote delivering greater powers. 06. Historically Scots are brave, stubborn, and courageous. Fiery and bold. Famous Scottish People. Sep 10, 2015 · Irish and Scottish Origins Intertwine. While immigration had increased from 2002, migration from Scotland had dropped, with 2002 estimates standing at 26,200 people migrating from Scotland. Scotland has an excellent reputation for welcoming people from around the world to our shores to live, work and study, and this diversity brings with it many different languages, spoken by a diverse and growing population. National Records of Scotland (NRS) operates ScotlandsPeople, which has on average 3. Or the hoops you have to jump through to get a scholarship. Today, many clans can be traced back to a specific part of Scotland, for example the MacLeods of Skye, the MacNeils of Barra or the MacNabs of St Fillan on Loch Earn. Scottish people are vibrant and enthusiastic, well educated, motivated and skilled. was probably best known for his fiction, Peter Pan, the boy who. Also books,Scottish Links and help for CSYS Scottish Petanque People. They would create their own shield and tartan pattern. Younger people (66%) felt most strongly that Scotland was For most outsiders Scotland is about clans, battles, kilts, tartan etc. Road to Referendum Scottish people or Scots are people native to Scotland or who are descended from a native of Scotland. Scottish census enumeration books. A close second is Irn-Bru. Aug 8, 2021 · The Scottish refer to whisky as the u201cwater of lifeu201d so itu2019s no surprise itu2019s the most popular drink in Scotland. Scotland is located in the north of Great Britain and has been part of the United Kingdom Sep 28, 2016 · ScotlandsPeople - the website which helps people search for their Scottish ancestors online - has been revamped and relaunched with a new look and a number of new features. Apr 11, 2023 · New Framework to enhance engagement. Meaning. The language which evolved from Middle English was influenced during its development by the Romance languages that is Latin Languages; from legal and ecclesiastical Latin, Norman, and French. Jackie Stewart or Sir John Young Stewart OBE, better know as the Flying Scot, was born in Dumbartonshire on June 11, 1939. If you have Scottish ancestry, you can discover their stories by exploring records they may have left behind. J. 735. But for Scots, the colorful pattern adorning kilts and bonnets The 2021 United Kingdom census recorded 648,418 people who were born in Scotland but now living in England and Wales (1. The Scottish People, 1490-1625 is one of the most comprehensive texts ever written on Scottish History. com, 2013 - History - 564 pages. Clan names are also tied to land, and often clans had a leader. From the ancient clans of the 12th century, each generation has added their own cultural thumbprint, creating a unique and vibrant country. Deep fried Mars bars are a staple part of the Scottish diet. Discover their culture, identity, language, parties and famous Scots, as well as their global connections and ancestry. In truth, we proudly display our heritage and our preferences visibly to outsiders in a ‘badge of honour’ form. Scots is recognised as an indigenous language of Scotland by the Scottish government, [8] a regional or minority language of Europe, [9] and a vulnerable language by UNESCO. Jacobite Rebellions 1715 and 1745. 5 million people in Scotland reported being able to speak Scots. These suggest a highly mobile boat-using people, probably with a very low density of population. Scots is directly descended from Northern English, which displaced Scots Gaelic in portions of Scotland in the 11th–14th centuries as a consequence of Anglo-Norman rule there. Travel plans cancelled, work ceased or radically altered and social lives decimated. As an ethnic group, Scots are a composition of races and ethnic groups such as Picts , Gaels , Brythons and others. Research. His late mother, Mary Anne MacLeod, was born and raised on the remote and beautiful Scottish Isle of Lewis, before leaving as a 17-year-old for the United 724. However, Scotland is also famous for many things that make it unique and special for both locals and travelers. In 2009, Jackie was ranked fifth in the 50 greatest Formula One drivers of all time. For the Scots, however, the story did not end in Ireland. [16] They almost all speak Scottish English, but some of those living in the Lowlands and the islands may speak the Scots (a Anglic language) as well. Build your family tree in Scotland with parish records and newspapers archives online today. Apr 25, 2017 · In fact, most people in Scotland (64% of adults in Scotland, according to a 2010 study done by the Scottish government) do not consider Scots a language. 1 day ago · Scotland - Celts, Vikings, Union: Evidence of human settlement in the area later known as Scotland dates from the 3rd millennium bce. Feb 5, 2024 · The Loch Ness Monster, or Nessie, is one of Scotland’s most famous myths, capturing the imagination of people worldwide. Burns Night - 25 January - our annual celebration of Robert Burns' life. people who have previously lived in Scotland, including The traditional Scottish kilt, worn for centuries, signifies allegiance, bravery, and resilience. The Highlands ( Scots: the Hielands; Scottish Gaelic: a' Ghàidhealtachd [ə ˈɣɛːəl̪ˠt̪ʰəxk], lit. Thank you for registering with the new ScotlandsPeople site. Nessie embodies the love for storytelling and the unknown that’s part of Scottish culture. Census records - a list of people who lived in a household on a specific night, taken every ten years beginning in 1841. While many locals and visitors keep an eye out for this elusive creature, the legend is more about fun and mystery than actual belief. e. Additionally, they may wear a tartan full plaid, fly plaid, or short belted plaid. The number of New Zealanders who are descended from Scots is unknown, as the New Zealand census asks for ethnicity, not ancestry, and most have now assimilated; nonetheless, the vast majority of Pākehā, or European New Zealanders are of British and Irish descent, and it has been estimated that 1 Sir James Barrie, was born on 9 May 1860 in Scotland and died on 19. Jan 25, 2024 · The dress is often characterized by specific tartan patterns associated with different Scottish clans. The Scots language is an important part of Scotland's culture and heritage, appearing in songs, poetry and literature, as well as daily use in our communities. Hear folk, roots and world music from more than 2,000 musicians in Glasgow. Scotland is known for its unique physical characteristics, which contribute to the distinctive appearance of its people. It was originally spoken by the Gaels in Western Scotland and Islands. A new framework to strengthen Scotland’s engagement with global connections has been published. 1% of the total population). We provide access (via our ScotlandsPeople website) to the Scottish birth, death, marriage and census records, Catholic parish registers, Coats of Arms, valuation rolls, wills and testaments and more. choose your poison it all amounts to the same quandary. 736. He was a dramatist and novelist who. These people had a stone age society but gradually the ancient peoples became farmers, deforesting land for crops and keeping domestic animals. com - Scotland's popular no-find no-fee ancestor search service worldwide Nov 2, 2016 · Half of Donald Trump’s DNA is Scottish. It is common to see high cheekbones and well-defined jawlines. Oct 5, 2019 · A Scottish clan is a group of people who band together because they share a surname—a family, really. t. Scotland is an ancient country, older than most other modern European countries – including England – but as an understood named identity early Scotland (Alba-pronounced Alpa) did not exist until King Constantine IIs reign sometime Sep 6, 2019 · So have a swatch below to learn a few Scots insults. College is free in Scotland. Scotland's culture can be traced back almost a thousand years and it's just as alive today as it has ever been. 18th January 2024. It is the first of its kind in Scotland and is founded on a close collaboration between the Scottish Government, Police Scotland, local authorities, NHSScotland and a number of third sector organisations, including the charity Missing People, Barnardo's and Shelter Scotland. In modern use, "Scottish people" refers to anyone born or living in Scotland ; or a person who is descended from ethnic Scots and identifies as a The ScotlandsPeople Centre is the official government resource for family history research. Scottish Canadians ( Scottish Gaelic: Canèidianaich Albannach) are people of Scottish descent or heritage living in Canada. The categories of records are: May 3, 2020 · Authors note: Before we proceed, we would like to offer a quick explanation of the title of this article and the thoughts driving the article’s production. Scottish is the preferred adjective; in cases where you are referring to the literature, character, or ancestry of the people of Scotland, it is generally correct to describe them as Scottish. Scotlands Family is a Scottish family genealogy service to help people find free records and information on Scotland's family history, to trace their Scottish family tree and ancestors in Scotland. The culture of Scotland refers to the patterns of human activity and symbolism associated with Scotland and the Scottish people. Whether for formal events or everyday wear, it embodies grace and dignity, uniting Scots and enthusiasts worldwide in pride and identity. The chapters look at society and the economy, Women and the family Welcome. Jul 2, 2024 · Minority Rights Group - Scots in the United Kingdom (July 02, 2024) Scot, any member of an ancient Gaelic-speaking people of Ireland or Scotland in the early Middle Ages. scotsfamily. Jan 17, 2024 · The Scottish people have a wealth of unique and meaningful customs, authentic artisanal traditions, and majestic historical monuments that shape Scottish culture. This entry was posted in Drinks, United Kingdom. 1. We are located in central Edinburgh with search rooms Scottish New Zealanders are New Zealanders of Scottish ancestry or who originate from Scotland. This is one of those fun facts about Scotland that might make you feel pretty bad about how much your parents saved for your college fees. Mar 29, 2023 · For many people, a bright bolt of tartan epitomizes Scotland, conjuring misty, heather-filled glens and bagpipers in Highland dress. Most Scottish people live in castles or ancient stone cottages. Modern & Civil Records. Lion Rampant. The following are the main records for family history research: Birth, death and marriage records including. Transfer the cooked beef to a slow cooker with the potatoes, onions, carrots and garlic. 5. Payments for pre-booked appointments must be made online. The Scottish flag is blue with a white saltire, and represents the cross of Saint Andrew . Saltire (Saint Andrew’s Cross) The national flag of Scotland, symbolizing the martyrdom of Saint Andrew and Scotland’s identity as a nation. The language was latter adopted by the Pictish people of the North and west of Scotland making Scottish Gaelic the de facto language of the whole Highland area. Its tartan patterns denote clan affiliations and Scotland’s history. From Ireland, the descendants of Niul and Scota travelled to the west coast of Scotland, battled and defeated the Picts, and became the Scottish people. Men’s Highland attire typically features a kilt or trews in the tartan of their clan. [1] [failed verification] Culturally, the Highlands and the Lowlands diverged from the Late Middle Ages into the modern period, when Lowland Scots language replaced Scottish Scottish Government data from 2002 shows that by 2021, there had been a sharp increase in immigration to Scotland, with 2002 estimates standing at 27,800 immigrants. Clacher – a unique Gaelic occupational surname for someone who works as a “stonemason. There are three languages spoken in Scotland - Scots, Scottish Gaelic and English. It Our Records: Dorothy Dunnett (née Halliday) OBE (1923-2001), novelist and artist. Further information is provided on their websites: The ScotlandsPeople Centre's opening hours are 9:00 to 16:30, Monday to Friday excluding public holidays. For information about how the site has changed, please see our page on exploring the new site. To get a glimpse of the first two, you can watch Braveheart. [10] [11] In a Scottish census from 2022, over 1. If you still would like a short mnemonic to aid you in understanding the difference between these words you can use the following: If you do not speak Jun 5, 2018 · SNP supporters felt strongest about Scotland being better than most countries (60%), with 19% saying it was the best country in the world. refused to grow up. The name itself is said to come from the Gaelic dubhghlais meaning ‘black water’. Sep 23, 2019 · Discover Your Scottish Ancestry. Thistle. May 2, 2023 · The people known as the Picts have puzzled archaeologists and historians for centuries. . Between 1965 and 1973 he competed in Formula One winning three World Championships, and 27 race wins. The earliest surviving archaeological evidence of human settlement is of Mesolithic hunter-gatherer encampments. From red hair to strong facial features, there are several traits that make Scottish individuals stand out. In 1999 the Scottish Parliament reconvened for the first time in nearly 300 years, ushering in a new era for the Scottish people. Death of Nechtan mac Der-Ilei; Óengus mac Fergusa becomes King of the Picts. This group is for anyone who is interested in petanque in Scotland. Scots was, at one time, the dominant language in Scotland (in the 17th century around 70% of Scottish people spoke Scots. Photo illustration by Meilan Solly / Photos via public domain Scottish national identity. May 1, 2024 · Scottish personality traits: Scottish people are cheap. Viking influence in the area commenced in the late 8th century, and hostility Feb 14, 2024 · Only around 87,000 people speak Gaelic. Drust and Nechtan mac Der-Ilei fight civil war (to 729). In the 2022 census, 1,508,540 people reported that they could speak Scots, with 2,444,659 reporting that they could speak, read, write or understand Scots. Celtic Connections - 16 January - 2 February 2025 - the UK's premier celebration of Celtic music. 7. Remains of bloodstone tools and nut processing sites have been found on the West coast and Isles. People have lived in Scotland since pre-historic times, over 12,000 years ago. The early Celtic tribes lived in a communal and tribal People with Scottish ancestry as a percentage of the population in Australia divided geographically by statistical local area, as of the 2011 census 2011 Census. Kenneth MacAlpin. Charles Rennie Mackintosh (1868 – 1928) Charles Rennie Mackintosh was a Scottish artist and architect who designed the inside and outside of the Willow Tearooms in Glasgow, including his famous high-back chairs. Scottish Gaelic, which is related to the Gaelic language spoken in Ireland, is still spoken by about 60,000 people. 3 days ago · Scotland - Culture, Traditions, Music: Scotland’s culture and customs remain remarkably vigorous and distinctive despite the country’s union with the United Kingdom since the early 18th century and the threat of dominance by its more powerful partner to the south. Mar 25, 2023 · Scotland has diverse and dramatic landscape. There are four primary record types for Scottish research: Civil Registration - government records of births, deaths, and marriages, beginning in 1855. The earliest people, Mesolithic (Middle Stone Age) hunters and fishermen who probably reached Scotland via an ancient land bridge from the Continent, were to be found on the west coast, near Oban, and as far south as Kirkcudbright, where their settlements are Jun 25, 2024 · Scots language, historic language of the people of Lowland Scotland and one closely related to English. Its strength springs in part from the diverse strands that make up its background, including European mainstream cultures. Lulu. Scots has a whole host of regional dialects. 11. records created by courts of law, churches, businesses, landed estates and other corporate bodies. Also, expressive eyes can be seen. Jan 30, 2020 · The tangled history of Scottish independence features such figures as William Wallace, Bonnie Prince Charlie, and Mary, Queen of Scots. With these 81 interesting facts about Scotland, let’s learn about its history, culture, people, traditions, economy, inventions, tourism, and some amazing things. The project Aug 16, 2023 · Famous Namesakes: Catriona Morison, a Scottish opera singer; Catriona MacInnes, a Scottish film-maker; Peak Popularity: Catriona hasn't been a popular name. All geographical areas of Scotland are covered from the Borders, through the Lowlands to the Gàidhealtachd and the Northern Isles. Still true. The Bruce's Stone. June 1937 in London, England. 04. Use our quick people search to search for records relating to people across the categories of records which have been indexed by personal name. The South East of England (118,021 people), North West of England (89,025) and Greater London (75,004) were the three most popular destinations, together accounting for around 43% of the Scotland Nov 21, 2023 · Scottish people are often known for their open-minded spirit and for being passionate fans of sports. 07. Social and friendly, once they know you. A Century of the Scottish People , 1830–1950, 1987. Demographic history of Scotland. Nov 21, 2023 · The Scottish Government’s policies for migration in an independent Scotland at a glance: set up a welcoming immigration system that would benefit Scotland’s population growth, the economy, public services and communities ; introduce new visas which would allow people to live and work in Scotland more easily Feb 2, 2024 · They say Scotland is a land of immeasurable beauty, inspiring history, and immense wit. Our research guides cover all areas of the national archive collections. Somewhere in between is the language—or dialect, depending on who you ask—called Scots, which is closely related to English, but with a particular Scottish flair. The Scottish Parliament building at the foot of the Royal Mile officially opened on October 9, 2004. William Wallace. Apr 20, 2024 · Scottish Gaelic is a Celtic language with similarities to Irish Gaelic. Historical facts. The area of Argyll and Bute, where the migrant Celts from northern Browse 668,602 authentic scottish people stock photos, high-res images, and pictures, or explore additional scottish people dancing or proud scottish people stock images to find the right photo at the right size and resolution for your project. Various accessories complement the outfit, such as a belt, sporran Jan 25, 2016 · It was a particularly melancholic expression of the so-called ‘Scottish Cringe’: a persistent sense of inferiority, self-pity – and embarrassment at overt expressions of Scottishness. In this section, we will explore these physical characteristics in detail. If you need a book on Scottish history, a comprehensive reading list is included with links to various online retailers where they're available for purchase. Genealogy portal hosted by Scots Family - www. People Are Culture is pleased to share an ever-growing collection of stories and interviews that offer a deep dive into some of the cultural practices of Scotland. A History of the Scottish People , 1560–1830, 1972. Scotland is proud to maintain its indigenous tongues, but the country is also home to many other languages. Some ideas about what you can post: - advertise a petanque event - chat with Feb 27, 2024 · Cameron – a familiar Scottish clan name with the unbelievable meaning of “crooked nose. Trace your Scottish family history and find Scottish ancestors with millions of online genealogy records at Findmypast. Originally (until the 10th century) “Scotia” denoted Ireland, and the inhabitants of Scotia were Scotti. Tip: events sometimes take place before and after 25 January, so it's worth double checking the dates. William Wallace is known as the greatest hero and one of the most important symbols of Scottish independence in Scotland's history, although he lived many centuries ago. Although his exact birth date and birthplace is unknown, he was born around 1276. Quick Facts Total population, Regions with significant populations Scots. Withers, Charles W. Poor Law & Poor Lists. But let’s start with the typical images some Nov 30, 2017 · And, in Scotland, the Celtic language Scots Gaelic is still spoken, although by a minority, and the local affiliate of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is known as BBC Alba, the Celtic Read this page in Scots. These tribes, known as the Picts, Gaels, and Britons, formed the foundation of Scottish society and laid the groundwork for the development of the clans. He studied at the University of Edinburgh and. Tough times for us all and quite rightly I’ll Nov 21, 2023 · The Scottish people, renowned for their fierce pride and rich heritage, boast a range of unique facial features that reflect the diverse influences of their ancestry. Book reviews will also appear periodically. “That was a bawhair away man!" 2 Apr 17, 2012 · The Scotland's DNA project, led by Edinburgh University's Dr Jim Wilson, has tested almost 1,000 Scots in the last four months to determine the genetic roots of people in the country. Employment records (lightkeepers' registers, Scottish Women's Land Army). Booking a seat Our day search fee is £15. Bawhair. Clan DouglasClan Douglas is an ancient family from the Scottish Lowlands and was once one of the most powerful families in Scotland. Clark – rooted in Latin, this common surname means “secretary, clerk. As the third-largest ethnic group in Canada and amongst the first Europeans to settle in the country, Scottish people have made a large impact on Canadian culture since colonial times. Historically, they emerged in the early Middle Ages from an amalgamation of two Celtic peoples, the Picts and Gaels, who founded the Kingdom of Scotland in the 9th century. His Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution explored the kinetic theory of gases. dn ab cn rx gf lw ba ks ub ys