Selenium chrome data. html>vh Nov 15, 2023 · ChromeDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(options); Since Selenium version 3. Step 2: Obtain the version of ChromeDriver compatible with the browser being used. Im trying to automate WhatsApp Web, for that i want to save the session data in order not to need to scan the QR Code every time. While using ChromeDriver, follow these suggestions to help keeping it safe: By default, ChromeDriver only allows local connections. Based on Chrome for Testing (CfT), as of Selenium 4. from selenium import webdriver from selenium. concurrent. Most of what you’ll do with Selenium is a combination of these basic commands Sep 3, 2023 · Let’s select an element in the web table and find its XPath. from selenium import webdriver. You will find the Chrome Profile shortcut created on the Desktop. devtools. ChromeOptions() prefs = {"download. do this: from os import getcwd driver = webdriver. Based on public Firefox releases, as of Selenium 4. As the name suggests, this is not designed for testing, nor to have a stable API, so functionality is highly dependent on the version of the browser. These are capabilities and features specific to Google Chrome browsers. May 10, 2024 · What is Selenium? Selenium was initially a tool created to test a website's behavior, but quickly, the demand of web scraping with Selenium has increased. Each window has a unique identifier which remains persistent in a single session. So, We will first find all the fields in the forms using their id or class whatever is available to Mar 4, 2021 · The only path that works for me is the User Data folder itself. Although I have just updated the chrome driver used in my project now I still have the issue that the browser starts with "data;" in the address bar and then fails on the timeout condition. Here is a quick example for creating the ChromeDriver object: WebDriverManager. Capturing network traffic can be useful for any number of things when dealing with dynamic webpages, like grabbing websocket communications or data from the private APIs of a website. Here you have example of usage. rename the Default folder as "Profile 1". If you cannot upgrade to the latest version of Selenium, you do not want Selenium to download drivers for you, and you can’t figure out the environment variables, you can specify the location of the driver in the Service object. ChromeDriver is a powerful tool, and it can cause harm when in the wrong hands. It provides capabilities for navigating to web pages, user input, JavaScript execution, and more. network. To find XPath of a UI element in Firefox, right-click on the desired element, go to “ Inspect Element ” to open the inspector Aug 10, 2022 · 2 - My guess it that the reason Selenium webdriver opened like a clone of my profile was because it was missing some files from the 'User Data' folder. Apr 6, 2024 · A cookie is a small piece of data that is sent from a website and stored in your computer. The next step is to add it to the system path. support. But for Windows, it is chromedriver. We used the FindElementByClass and FindElementsByTag methods to get the table elements. keys import Keys. Docs Getting Started API Reference Build a Plugin. driver system property (see sample below) ( Python only) include the path to ChromeDriver when instantiating webdriver. WebDriver works with Chrome through the chromedriver binary. CssSelector("* /deep/ # Jun 14, 2023 · Selenium Webdriver: An application programming interface for Selenium is called Webdriver. A Data Driven Framework in Selenium is a technique of separating the “data set” from the actual “test case” (code). webdriver. Free Bonus: Click here to download a "Python + Selenium" project skeleton with full source code that you can use as a foundation for your own Python web scraping and automation apps. (); 16. Feb 12, 2024 · To check the version, go to the top right corner, select the 3 dots icon -> settings, and then select About Chrome from the left panel. 5 KB -- Aug 23, 2021 · Selenium is fairly easily detected, especially by all major anti-bot providers (Cloudflare, Akamai, etc). Copy the path of the ChromeDriver executable file (ChromeDriver. May 27, 2024 · We set chrm as New Selenium. innerHTML;") html_soup: BeautifulSoup = BeautifulSoup(html_source_code, 'html. 04. Chrome(service=Service(ChromeDriverManager(). Install the chromedriver and put it inside a folder on your desktop. Get to open the web page we want, by providing the URL of the page. Surprisingly, recreating new driver instance with the same user-data-dir option makes me no longer logged in. I have version 80. Right-click on Class name and Select “Build Path” and select > configure build path. In this file, type in our dependency selenium. When I'm starting the test I see 'data:,' in the chrome address bar and then nothing happens (the program doesn't continue) instead of starting navigating to the url. Find the XPath of the Datepicker element. ) Download Selenium IDE for either Chrome or Firefox and get started. Use custom profile (also called user data directory) By default, ChromeDriver will create a new temporary profile for each session. If your usecase still warrants to use the Default Chrome Profile you need to follow the below mentioned details. Use this to either create simple scripts or assist in exploratory testing. 17. Cookies are mostly used to recognise the user and load the stored information. ChromeOptions options = new ChromeOptions(); // Add the WebDriver proxy capability. Within that folder create an setup. Aug 19, 2022 · As I understand, you are having data in the address bar and while launching the website chrome is freezing or hanging. Secondly, click on Help in the menu. Apr 2, 2022 · To change the download directory/path you can use the following code block: selenium4 compatible code. Here’s are the steps to run Selenium Tests on Real Chrome Browsers with BrowserStack Automate using BrowserStack SDK: Step 1. AddArgument("--user-data-dir=userdata"); Chrome stores the data to this folder, but it seems like it only does that on startup. Enter a name for the new person, select an icon to help represent this new account and make it easier to find later. Here is the HTML Code when I ispect the website: Jan 26, 2017 · Is there a way to clear out the site's data, cookies, sessions, etc. Apr 5, 2021 · My project was working fine a few months ago. # Path to Chromium bin. These are capabilities and features specific to Apple Safari browsers. Sep 9, 2018 · 7. Our Clear Data button is nested in the shadow root structure so a Mar 20, 2020 · I keep losing browser's session data when trying to recreate new ChromeDriver instance. Here is a sample java code. I've tried accessing straight from the policy page and the site URL but they both get ChromeDriver. We used a For Next Loop to get the data from the table. I'm using the selenium library in python to open google chrome and visit google. bookmark_border. Jul 10, 2024 · Chrome specific functionality. Jan 29, 2022 · Step 1. This will only disable when you are running in headless This might speed things up for you!!! My settings are currently as follows and I reduce the CPU (but only a marginal time saving) by about 20%: Nov 17, 2023 · Selenium is an umbrella project for a range of tools and libraries that enable and support the automation of web browsers. Working with Cookies Mar 29, 2024 · WebDriver drives a browser natively, as a user would, either locally or on a remote machine using the Selenium server, marks a leap forward in terms of browser automation. Let’s consider again the typical example of driving Chrome with Selenium. exe is no longer running, so ChromeDriver is assuming that Chrome has crashed. dll An unhandled exception of type 'OpenQA. service import Service. }) "Exception thrown: 'OpenQA. Firefox Download. exe . It enables a web scraping task without displaying the browser interface. /chrome-linux64/chrome" # Replace with the actual path. add_argument('--user-data Nov 15, 2023 · Security considerations. webdriver to true. You can find a detailed discussion in How to open a Chrome Profile through --user-data-dir argument of Selenium. In People section, click on Manage other people on which a popup comes up. I am using Selenium(3. } In the above code, we bring up the ClearBrowserData modal and then start getting the shadow root elements. Feb 8, 2023 · Data Driven framework is used to drive test cases and suites from an external data feed. Right-click on the “src” folder and create a new Class File from New > Class. Jan 3, 2014 · whenever i try to open the blank page through selenium chrome driver then in address bar it displayed "Data;". The GOOGLE_ABUSE_EXEMPTION cookie is the one you're looking for, but I would save all cookies just to be on the safe side. Feb 6, 2015 · 6. exe). Change your path to the following and it will work. v91. WebDriver does not make the distinction between windows and tabs. If your site opens a new tab or window, Selenium will let you work with it using a window handle. Jan 12, 2022 · Getting started. open the copied user data (newdir) and search for folder called Default . Jun 1, 2018 · In my case in the following environment: Windows 10; Python 3. Remove ads. Thirdly, click on About Google Chrome in the sub-menu. *; DevTools devTools = ((ChromiumDriver) driver). Download Link of ChromeDriver : LINK Selenium IDE is a Chrome, Firefox and Edge plugin which records and plays back user interactions with the browser. Using python + selenium + Chrome. driver"] = chromedriver. Firstly, you need to update chromedriver. 53, chromedriver 2. chromedriver(). 2- Paste it to wherever you want (let's say to C:/Users/my_scripts. Mar 27, 2024 · Steps for Windows users. options import Options as ChromeO Oct 11, 2020 · Yes, you are right, from Chrome capabilities documentations. Mar 23, 2021 · Since we’re using Chrome, download the driver for the version of Chrome you’re using. 1 platform=Win64. edgedriver(). Sep 28, 2021 · In this section of this Selenium Java tutorial, we look at how to perform read, write, and update operations on Excel files that are available in the . log(navigator Aug 4, 2022 · For Windows, you have to provide the file extension. When using the following code, I'm able to get to the policy page with the ("--headless") option but without it I get a blank page with 'data:,' in the URL and nothing else loads. Capabilities from other will override those in this. Add Cookie only accepts a set of defined serializable JSON object. Nov 16, 2018 · Execute the steps to install and set up Docker. Step 2: Add Selenium JAR file into the Java Project. Open the “About” section in the settings. The following code solves this. chrome. "download. which is a best practice. Selenium. absolute () options. Note that the version of the Chrome browser and the version of chromedriver must match the major version. Selenium is working to implement a standards-based, cross-browser, stable from bs4 import BeautifulSoup from selenium import webdriver driver = webdriver. Open File Explorer and navigate to the extracted ChromeDriver folder. Download previous IDE versions. Make sure the executable file path is provided not just the folder. 3987. Import Modules. I have tried to access this website from Firefox, Chrome and Edge, which also show a blank page. com automatically, this is how my script looks like at the moment. 6. 0, the ChromeOptions class in Java also implements the Capabilities interface, allowing you to specify other WebDriver capabilities not specific to ChromeDriver. desired Dec 31, 2020 · Make sure the top right panel is on “Element”. Also make sure to put the selenium python project in the same folder as where the chrome driver is located. . Jun 7, 2019 · docker run -d -p 5901:5900 -p 127. import java. exe", options=options) May 22, 2020 · I'll show you how to capture the network traffic occurring on the page using python, selenium (with chromedriver), and the logging features of Chrome. ChromeDriver. If you want to automate the modern web, headless browsers are essential. It provides us with the means to instruct Selenium to carry out certain tasks. Edge. I then made sure this does not happen - and now my webdriver instance opens with the desired profile and works. So, from selenium import webdriver. selenium. copy the user dir folder completely to eg c:\tmp\newdir. If the version of your chrome browser is 115 or more, head towards the Chrome for testing availability dashboard. 11. The code is : from selenium import webdriver. I do that adding the user-data-dir argument: options. 1:4445:4444 selenium/standalone-chrome save current url and all data in variable before close driver to return this data. getDevTools(); devTools. The “Element” panel should highlight the code for that Jun 20, 2024 · How to run Selenium Tests on Real Chrome Browser using Automate. Here are the prerequisites for implementing the Data Driven Framework in Selenium: IDE– IntelliJ IDEA (or Eclipse IDE) Framework– TestNG. Therefor you need to create and load a custom profile by user-data-dir. Initializing WebDriver. You can get the window handle of the current window by using: Move Code. ( Java only) specify its location using the webdriver. WebDriver is an API and protocol that defines a language-neutral interface for controlling the behaviour of web browsers. Jul 2, 2024 · Selenium IDE. To create and open a new Chrome Profile you need to follow the following steps : Open Chrome browser, click on the Side Menu and click on Settings on which the url chrome://settings/ opens up. I'm setting the user director to be my default User data directory as such (so I don't have to worry about entering passwords to sites and logging in each time): from selenium import webdriver opt Aug 16, 2020 · Create a new project folder. Chrome (see sample below) Mar 12, 2020 · Every other website I have tried works just fine, but this one doesn't want to show up. Start to start the Chrome browser. If you are new to Selenium, we have a few resources that can help you get up to speed right away. But that only works correctly when I close all other instances of chrome Mar 14, 2018 · 15. in Chrome, Firefox, and IE prior to launching a test using Protractor/Jasmine/Selenium? Merge two Capabilities together and return the union of the two as a new Capabilities instance. 141. You are then shown the sample code to copy over and run from your terminal to run your test. Jul 5, 2024 · Get window handle. Give the Class name and click on the “Finish” button. # Initialize dictionaries to store request and response headers request_headers_data = [] response_headers_data = [] last_known Jul 9, 2024 · Once you have Selenium installed, you’re ready to write Selenium code. from time import sleep. Oct 16, 2020 · Open Google Chrome, and select the user icon in the top right and click on Add. add_argument (f"user-data-dir= {script_directory}\\userdata") This way allows you to store actual script's directory in a variable, and via formatted string put it in selenium's options argument. Follow this ChromeDriver link to download it on your system. I am using: chrome=55. default_directory": r"C:\Data_Files\output_files". createSession(); Apr 21, 2021 · import pathlib script_directory = pathlib. TimeUnit; Feb 7, 2023 · Codecs are used to write to a text file. by import By from selenium. You can use the LoggingPreferences to get the Performance logs. driver", "F:\\Tools\\Seliniu\\chromedriver. from selenium. driver=webdriver. options import Options. Once you've put the chromedriver in the same directory. The method DeleteAllCookies(); will delete all the cookies for the current domain [Handling Cookies in Webdriver]. body. It returns the data in json format. Each number should be in its own cell. Jul 10, 2024 · Google Chrome’s DevTools make use of a protocol called the Chrome DevTools Protocol (or “CDP” for short). Chrome options . chromium_path = ". util. There you will see your version. environ["webdriver. You can check this yourself by heading to your Google Chrome console and running console. install())) Step 3: Take the user input to obtain the URL of the website to be scraped, and web scrape the page. WebDriverException' occurred in WebDriver. png 87. I was able to logged-in into the GitHub website before calls driver. So when I do: chrome_options. py file. At the end, Docker’s characteristic whale will appear in the terminal. If you need to connect to it from a remote host, use --allowed-ips switch on the command Jan 22, 2021 · options = webdriver. The data feed can be data sheets like xls, xlsx, and csv files. 4044. Chrome() html_source_code = driver. keys import Keys from selenium. add_experimental_option("prefs", prefs) This sets the downloads folder path From this answer. i am using this "System. ChromeDriver is available for Chrome on Android and Chrome on Jul 15, 2023 · Select “ BrowserStack Automate ” on logging in and set the device-browser combination on which you would like to run a test. parser') Now you can apply BeautifulSoup function to extract data Jun 4, 2021 · Here is the guide to installing Selenium, Chrome, and ChromeDriver. Community CREDITS: Can't save the session of Whatsapp web with Selenium c#. Now to use this : Mar 6, 2024 · Step 1: Import Selenium and Set Chrome Options. exe"); WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();" code to open the blank page. Step 2. FindElement(By. Click the button highlighted in the following image, hover to the element, and click. First choose a FOLDER where to save the webdriver session. So if your profile path is specified as: user-data-dir=C:\Users\user_name\AppData\Local\Google\Chrome\User Data\Default\ it will append \Default and you will end up at: C:\Users\user_name\AppData\Local\Google\Chrome\User Data\Default\Default Although I did not see any definitive conclusion, someone hinted that the problem occurs when there is another chrome instance already open. This will also move a file after downloading via Selenium to your mounted storage. Selenium supports automation of all the major browsers in the market through the use of WebDriver . To find the XPath of a UI element in Firefox, right-click on the desired element, go to “Inspect Element” to open the inspector which will help identify its XPath. Since we did not specify a version, the most recent one will be pulled. setProperty("webdriver. In your Mac, the chrome driver executable file name is chromedriver. default_directory" : "/path/to/downloads/folder"} options. First instance: unknown error: Chrome failed to start: crashed. May 13, 2024 · Steps to select Date from Datepicker with Selenium and Java. Without a defined profile, Chrome will load with default settings (missing root certificates, default proxy, etc). 149, shown in the screenshots Dec 1, 2020 · Step to create a profile: open : chrome://version in address bar. Second you need to download latest selenium server standalone file and place that file into the Drive /c. ! touch setup. Install Selenium %pip install selenium Do your imports; import pickle as pkl from selenium import webdriver from selenium. setup(); WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(); The same thing on Edge: WebDriverManager. From instantiate I meant, you need to create two chrome web drivers because once the options are set and you have created the driver, you cannot change this later. common. Mar 25, 2021 · You need to instantiate two web drivers with the profile you want to set. Click on ADD PERSON, provide the person name, select an icon, keep the Jun 1, 2019 · Hence you should always use a customized Chrome Profile. 14. Click on ADD PERSON, provide the person name, select an icon, keep the item Mar 28, 2023 · Step 1: Open the Eclipse IDE and create a new Java project. xlsx formats. Apr 12, 2021 · Edit This is using Win 10 and I have the folder with the chromedriver on PATH. In order to automate the browser, we need to download the WebDriver of the web browser which we intend to use. 12. Quit(). import time. Once it is downloaded, unzip it in a desired location in your local system. os. Start by importing Selenium and creating a ChromeOptions object: from selenium import webdriver. ChromeOptions(); options. A lot of people new to selenium seem to have to get past this step. WebDriverException' in WebDriver. 25 selenium=3. Tried the above. If you want to create quick bug reproduction scripts, create scripts to aid in automation-aided exploratory testing, then you want to use Selenium IDE; a Chrome, Firefox and Edge add-on that will do simple record-and-playback of interactions with the browser. Attachments: Untitled. This is the profile folder. Although we can use Selenium and PowerShell to pass parameters to Chrome during load, I’ve found it easier to start Chrome manually. This code imports Options from selenium. exceptions. Additionally, you will find a new sub-directory Profile 1 being Mar 9, 2023 · Google Chrome browser is open. support import expected_conditions as EC import json def get_countries(): countries_list = [] # driver = webdriver. View the Release Notes. Now, every time you open a Selenium WebDriver, make sure you add the cookies you exported. For more details check the official Selenium documentation. execute_script("return document. 0. dll invalid argument: user data directory is already in use, please specify a unique value for --user-data-dir argument, or don't use --user-data-dir " Mar 27, 2021 · Since you are using Chrome Headless, I've found adding this reduces the CPU usage by about 20% for me: --disable-crash-reporter. The following libraries (or packages) are necessary for the NUnit project: Apr 2, 2020 · There are several different download options based on your version of Chrome. This is commonly referred to as just WebDriver. Eight Basic Components. Then if folder not exist create a new Chrome Driver Session and save it using this function: public static IWebDriver OpenNewChrome(string FolderPathToStoreSession) {. Useful while dealing with multiple instances. driver = webdriver. 62). 5; Google Chrome version 80 and corresponding ChromeDriver in the path C:\Windows; selenium 3. (chrome not reachable) (The process started from chrome location C:\Program Files\Google\Chrome\Application\chrome. If you want to delete all cookies for all domain you should use solution from Chrome settings "Clear browsing data". . Chrome Download. 20, Chrome 50 on Ubuntu 14. options = Options() options. setup(); WebDriver driver = new EdgeDriver(); I found that Chrome appends \Default to the profile path specified in the user-data-dir. import os. ChromeDriver which is compatible with the Chrome browser on your system: Firstly, to check the Chrome browser version on your machine, click on the three dots on the right top corner of the browser. By default, Selenium 4 is compatible with Chrome v75 and greater. My chromedriver and chrome app are the same up to date version, but the tab still just opens to "data" in the URL bar. Still no luck. driver. Jun 1, 2018 · To create and open a new Chrome Profile you need to follow the following steps : Open Chrome browser, click on the Side Menu and click on Settings on which the url chrome://settings/ opens up. Chrome() # To open a new browser window and navigate it # Use the headless Jun 27, 2024 · The browser automatically managed by Selenium Manager are: Chrome. xls and . In the System Properties window, click on “ Advanced system settings “. Dec 10, 2016 · 1. add_argument("--user-data-dir=" + r'C:\\Users\\adassa\AppData\\Local\\Google\\Chrome\\User Data') The chrome instance is opened with the preferences set for the default profile. For Chrome, right-click and inspect the given element to find its XPath. So, to test the form we require two main steps: Finding the element in the HTML code: We can use ID, class, XPath, and many more. ui import WebDriverWait. This question already has answers here : Selenium doesn't open the specified URL and shows data:, (3 answers) Closed 2 years ago. To begin with our web scrapper, we import Selenium and related modules. Firefox. py # Type the May 4, 2021 · 15. Nov 10, 2021 · Follow the steps, as mentioned below, to download a. Download BrowserStack Project Zip from the GitHub page. Then it configures Chrome options to run in headless mode and initializes a Chrome WebDriver instance named driver with these options. Then, select Add. ChromeOptions () and I would suggest you to put everything in the same project directory. Chrome (getcwd () + "\chromedriver. Everything Selenium does is send the browser commands to do something or send requests for information. WebDriver API provides a way to interact with cookies with built-in methods: Add Cookie It is used to add a cookie to the current browsing context. Chrome(executable_path="C:\\Windows\\chromedriver. 22. options = webdriver. C# Packages: Using the Selenium WebDriver and NUnit framework, we demonstrate Selenium web scraping. Sep 6, 2016 · To use Chrome Browser needs to System. ) I am using selenium with python, and I'm trying to use some arguments for starting the chromedriver. Pull the image for the Selenium ChromeDriver by typing docker pull selenium/standalone-chrome in the terminal. Here is my script: import time. This is how I would debug a Selenium session to find out what is happening: Step-by-step debugging: Most IDE's allow you todo step-by-step debugging, you could set a break point just before the point you want to investigate. Change USER_NAME and FOLDER in accordance to your computer. 20) and Chrome Beta(81. Tested this with selenium 2. Trying to open "Google" or any other page (website) from Chrome via selenium chrome driver in python. WebDriverException: Message: unknown error: unable to discover open pages using ChromeDriver through Selenium 3 Selenium doesn't open the specified URL and shows data:, Dec 1, 2023 · Any of these steps should do the trick: include the ChromeDriver location in your PATH environment variable. Selenium WebDriver refers to both the language bindings and the implementations of the individual browser controlling code. chromedriver = "/usr/bin/chromedriver". On that page, I want it to select the "Clear Data" button. Why? Selenium, and most other major webdrivers set a browser variable (that websites can access) called navigator. options import Nov 17, 2020 · Here's a simple example using the new DevTools protocol (CDP) available from Selenium 4 (this code uses the Beta-4 version and CDP for Chrome 91 ) import org. exe file according to chrome version installed in your system. add_experimental_option("prefs", {. Specify the location of the driver. openqa. Since the test case is separated from the data set, one can easily Dec 4, 2023 · Strategy to Submit Form. This Nov 17, 2023 · Troubleshooting missing path to driver executable. Aug 4, 2020 · from selenium import webdriver from selenium. Path (). 59), ChromeDriver(81. This will pause the execution of the test and lets you examine the browser with its own tools. 0; I needed to add the arguments --no-sandbox and --remote-debugging-port=9222 to the ChromeOptions object and run the code as administrator user by lunching the Powershell/cmd as administrator. ui import WebDriverWait from selenium. Nov 3, 2019 · In my test script, I am having selenium open up the chrome settings page. 2883. Based on Edge downloads, as of Selenium 4. So to solve this: 1- Go to C:\Users\name\AppData\Local\Google\Chrome and copy the 'User Data' folder. In order to bypass the CAPTCHA when scraping Google, you have to manually solve a CAPTCHA and export the cookies Google gives you. 75 chromedriver=2. setPropert("webdriver. Here is the Sep 20, 2022 · Safari specific functionality. Jun 3, 2018 · 1. # Create the file using "shell-terminal". WebDriver is an open source tool for automated testing of webapps across many browsers. driver","PATH") The ChromeDriver is maintained / supported by the Chromium project iteslf. Jan 14, 2022 · 1. ChromeDriver is a standalone server that implements the W3C WebDriver standard. Jul 27, 2021 · With this, you don't need to download the driver file itself and set the system property for it's value. Last modified September 20, 2022: fix incorrect aliases from previous changes (d944c93fd71) Selenium automates browsers. We used chrm. (Note: If you’re sharing the scraper, the recipient must also download the driver and add it to the system path. Oct 11, 2018 · And this fixed it for me. 7. Apply the operation on the field: We can write, click, and read the field or the element. options. Jan 13, 2020 · selenium. 2. Datepicker on the MakeMyTrip Website. edited Aug 2, 2022 at 10:27. To locate what version of Chrome you have, click on the 3 vertical dots at the top right corner of your browser window, scroll down to help, and select “About Google Chrome”. This tool is quite widespread and is capable of automating different browsers like Chrome, Firefox, Opera and even Internet Explorer through middleware controlled called Selenium webdriver. exceptions import TimeoutException. exe") Jan 11, 2020 · I am trying to get headless Chrome to work while setting a user data dir using the following: from selenium import webdriver options = webdriver. Download latest released version for Chrome or Firefox or Edge. It provides extensions to emulate user interaction with browsers, a distribution server for scaling browser allocation, and the infrastructure for implementations of the W3C WebDriver specification that lets you write interchangeable code for all major web browsers. vh ep ih hw ex rr tz ew tm ke