Toluene drug effects. party/sykior/google-oauth-playground.

Death has been reported after exposure to toluene at 1, 800–2,000 ppm for 1 hour. 9% were associated with falling, drowning, or jumping, which suggests a correlation between the intoxicating effect of toluene and The drug discrimination procedure in animals has been extensively utilized to model the abuse related, subjective effects of drugs in humans, but it has seldom been used to examine abused volatile inhalants like toluene. General health effects of toluene are also discussed in more limited detail. The effects of toluene on animals are similar to those seen in humans. Toluene is a clear, colorless liquid which becomes a vapor when exposed to air at room temperature. 2 g/kg elicited a mean BP elevation of 6 and 16 mm Hg, respectively, for 7-hour post-dosing. The clinical syndrome, toluene leukoencephalopathy, can be detected by a combination of characteristic symptoms and signs, detailed neurobehavioral evaluation, and brain magnetic resonance imaging. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Homicidal toluene deaths are not described in forensic literature. In conclusion, the last 15 years have provided extensive evidence of the molecular, cellular and systemic actions of toluene and have firmly established solvents as important drugs of abuse. DB11558. Concentration-dependent effects wer … Other effects of toluene such as increased oxidative stress seem to contribute to the detrimetal effects of prolonged toluene exposure . Behavioral effects and their evaluation are determined by internal doses, which in turn are determined by a variety of variables. Effects of abused inhalants and GABA-positive modulators in dizocilpine discriminating inbred mice. At the end of the experiment the main ultrastructural findings related A similar effect was observed for toluene as the expression of toluene CPP was blocked when IL-NAcs neurons were chemogenetically silenced . Overview. Its toxic effects in the central nervous system have not been well established, and how and which neurons are affected remains unknown. The authors proposed a specific toluene-phospholipid interaction in synaptosomes that resulted in altered membrane composition and fluidity. SummaryToluene is added to gasoline, used to produce benzene, and used as a. CAS # 108-88-3. Toluene is a widely used industrial solvent, and humans may also have high exposures to toluene from the deliberate inhalation ("sniffing") of paint reducer, paint thinner, or paint for their narcotic effects. Exposure to toluene may occur from breathing ambient or indoor air affected by such. Locomotor effects of drugs have been commonly studied due to the fact that increased mesolimbic dopamine activity, historically thought of as the ‘reward pathway,' induces hyperlocomotion. Inhaling toluene leads to a feeling of euphoria and several reports have shown that children born to women who had abused toluene during pregnancy present a syndrome (toluene embryopathy or fetal solvent syndrome) that is characterized Apr 11, 2022 · In Singapore, from 1983-1991, 33 people were found to have toluene in their blood postmortem; 22 were known glue sniffers; 11 were suspected of solvent abuse; 6. Characterization of an inhaled toluene drug discrimination in mice: effect of exposure conditions and route of administration. Smoking a hookah (also known as a waterpipe, shisha, or narghile) can expose you and those around you to toluene. The drug discrimination procedure is a selective means of probing the receptor mechanisms underlying the abuse-related stimulus effects of a Learn more about BUTYLATED HYDROXYTOLUENE (BHT) uses, effectiveness, possible side effects, interactions, dosage, user ratings and products that contain BUTYLATED HYDROXYTOLUENE (BHT). This fact sheet answers the most frequently asked health related questions (FAQs) regarding exposure to toluene. Toluene: It is an aromatic hydrocarbon. [23] Of the various classes of drugs associated with the development of SUD, inhalants are among the least studied despite their widespread use among adolescents and children. Products that may contain toluene-such as paint, metal cleaners and Oct 18, 2022 · Toluene fatal intoxication can be classified under a medicolegal point of view in voluntary suicidal deaths or accidental deaths. [23] Treatment with GABA agonists such as benzodiazepines provide some relief from toluene-induced tremor and ataxia. The alkylbenzenes, toluene being the most common example, represent a class of six-membered ring aromatic compounds that have a variety of alkyl groups attached. 2014. plumosus larvae were investigated using a semi-static bioassay, and the type of joint effects of TEX was ascertained. The activities of the transmitter synthesizing enzymes glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and aromatic amino-acid decarboxylase Sep 11, 2013 · The reinforcing effects of toluene have been probed by using various animal models associated with different aspects of drug addiction. It is also produced in the process of making gasoline and other fuels from crude oil and making coke from coal. Apr 6, 2022 · Toluene abuse is the most common form of inhalant abuse. Toluene, a commonly abused toxic compound, is shown to stimulate dopamine release in specific regions of the rat brain known as drug reward pathways, according to research published online in Neuropsychopharmacology this week. 0% for pattern memory (number correct), 6. 1% for pattern recognition (latency), 5. Toluene -ToxFAQsTM. Identification of VTA neurons by immunohistochemistry. Behavioral effects of acute toluene exposure could be subjected to cost-benefit analysis if the effects of toluene were quantitatively compared to those of ethanol ingestion, which has been monetized for applied contexts. Dopamine. Herrington and Myers (2015) have detected approximately 60 Apr 20, 2023 · After reaching the tissues of the body, the drug has vasodilation action on both cranial and peripheral vasculature, causing headache, light-headedness, euphoric effects, flushing of the skin, tachycardia, visual distortions, a slowed perception of time, syncopal feelings, a sensation of excitement, and euphoric effects. A number of case reports describe neonatal effects that have been attributed to toluene abuse during pregnancy. S. This fact sheet is one in a series of summaries about hazardous substances and their health effects. 1 Inhalants include a variety of substances such as gasoline, spray paint, solvents, glue, nail polish remover, rubber cement, permanent markers and cleaning fluids. 2 g/kg were associated with a rise in blood pressure. 1. It is a colorless, water-insoluble liquid. Rationale: Toluene is a misused inhalant with hallucinogenic properties and complex effects. Among this group, half a million people abuse inhalants. The brain is the primary target of toluene (methylbenzene), the major solvent in spray paint and a constituent of many other easily obtained commercial and industrial products. Blood and tissue samples were obtained for biochemical and histopathological investigation. Aug 18, 2015 · Background Toluene is one of the most widely abused inhaled drugs due to its acute neurologic effects including euphoria and subsequent depression. This leads people to compulsively use drugs in search of another euphoric “high. The central nervous system (CNS) is the primary target organ for toluene toxicity in both humans and animals for acute (short-term) and chronic (long Toluene is a clear, colorless, volatile liquid with a sweet, pungent, benzene-like odor. A total of 20 male rabbits were used as control and experimental groups. . 1016/0006-2952 (77)90180-0. lvent. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the acute cardiotoxic effects of high dose toluene and its damage mechanisms on heart tissue in the acute period. The breakdown products of toluene, hippuric acid and cresol, can be measured in urine within 12 hours of a high-level exposure. PUBLIC HEALTH STATEMENT FOR TOLUENE. Methods: We exposed six healthy adults to 100 ppm toluene or air (control) for 6 h, in a double-blind, randomized fashion, with exposures separated by at least 14 d and including 30 min These effects are related to inhalant intoxication and may include belligerence, apathy, impaired judgment, and impaired functioning in work or social situations; nausea and vomiting are other common side effects. 4°C); therefore, it is a significant fire hazard at room temperature. 1 Toluene is a representative example of a class of industrial solvents that are voluntarily inhaled as drugs of abuse. In the single toxicant experiments, the toxicity of the three pollutants could be sequenced as ethylbenzene > xylene > toluene. Research into the mechanisms of action of inhaled solvents has lagged behind that of other drugs of abuse despite mounting evidence that these compounds exert profound neurobehavioral and Toluene (C₆H₅CH₃) is a colorless liquid with a sweet, pungent odor. In addition, inhalant abusers may experience dizziness, drowsiness, slurred Chronic toluene abuse produces a devastating neurological disorder, of which dementia is the most disabling component. However, dangerous metabolic abnormalities are associated to acute toluene intoxication. Toluene may be deliberately inhaled from some products for its mood-altering effects. Animals were divided into two equal groups: a control group (Group 1) and a No respiratory effects were reported in mice or rats after oral exposure to toluene at dosage levels up to 2,500 mg/kg/day for 13 weeks or 590 mg/kg/day for 6 months. , 2004), making the effects of toluene inhalation an important research focus area. The prevalence of toluene abuse exceeds that of any other inhalant (Filley et al. DrugBank Accession Number. Aug 1, 2017 · Background. Male Wistar albino rats (150-250 g) were divided in two experimental groups: the control and the toluene treated group (n = 10 for each). Toluene is used in these applications because it is dense and contains significant energy per unit of Dec 29, 2019 · Perhaps the most significant toxic effect of chronic exposure to inhalants is widespread and long-lasting damage to the brain and other parts of the nervous system. The possession and use of toluene and products containing it are regulated in many jurisdictions, for the supposed reason of preventing minors from obtaining these products for recreational drug purposes. Toluene blocks N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, releases dopamine (DA), and modifies several neurotransmitter levels; nonetheless, the mechanism by which it produces hallucinations is not well characterized. urces. 1977 Feb 15;26 (4):293-300. Methods: Twenty adult male Wistar Albino rats (200-220 g) were used in this controlled experimental animal study. The present study sought to characterize the temporal aspects of toluene's disc … The neurotoxic effects of long-term use (in particular repeated withdrawals) of toluene may cause postural tremors by downregulating GABA receptors within the cerebellar cortex. 5% for one hole, and 3. J Drug Alcohol Res. 5 to 2. According to the Toxic Exposure Surveillance System of the American Association of Poison Control Systems, 54% of the abusers of inhaled volatile substances were teenagers age 13 to 19 years old, and 15% were Nerve Growth Factor. 1% of deaths were from acute toluene poisoning; and 87. Forty male albino rats were used and divided into four groups: controls (group I) and three Toluene is a clear, colorless liquid with a distinctive smell. The U. 2% of the European population have used inhalants in their lifetime. The drug discrimination procedure in animals has been extensively utilized to model the abuse related, subjective effects of drugs in humans, but it has seldom been used to examine abused volatile inhalants like toluene. [Google Scholar] Shelton KL, Slavova-Hernandez G. Toluene is predominantly used as an industrial feedstock and a Aug 8, 2023 · Toluene is the most widely abused inhaled volatile drug. Toluene abuse affects mostly young people: around 12. , paint thinner, contact cement, correction pens, model glue, etc. Toluene, an inexpensive and available industrial solvent, has become increasingly popular as a drug of abuse. Toluene misuse and long-term harms: a systematic review of the neuropsychological and neuroimaging literature. 2004; 79:219–28. While animal research suggests that exposure to organic solvents (especially toluene) may be neurotoxic, much less is known about the consequences of long-term exposure in h … The effects of toluene inhalation on some specific enzymes and glutamate and GABA receptor binding in defined parts of the rat brain were studied following several exposure schemes. dizziness. The mechanisms underlying the abuse potential of such substances remain unclear, but could involve increased activity in mesoaccumbal dopamine (DA) afferents innervating the nucleus acc … Oct 14, 2022 · Toluene is a gasoline additive that can be used to improve octane ratings for fuel used in race cars and other automobiles. 8 and 1. The combined effect of toluene and MTBE in filter paper contact test was not consistent with the results in soil toxicity tests. The results extended the knowledge on toxic effects of toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene on aquatic plants. ) for its intoxicating effect. Maturation of swimming behavior and physical development we … Rats were exposed to toluene twice a day for a period of 15 minutes on Days 2 through 32 of postnatal life. Toluene is a widely used industrial organic solvent and is ubiquitous in our environment. 108-88-3. Type. Figure 2. doi: 10. This study aims to assess the effect of chronic toluene exposure (15, 30 and 45 days) on the oxidative stress and antioxidant status of different organs in the rat. Toluene is a colorless, liquid that is immiscible in water. Nov 11, 2013 · These studies suggest that GABA A and/or NMDA receptors may play a role in some of the behavioral effects of toluene but do not address if either system is involved in the abuse-related effects of toluene. Also, cyclooxygenase-2 and caspase-3 activities (a marker of apoptosis) are studied. The central nervous system (CNS) is the primary target organ for toluene toxicity in both humans and animals for acute (short-term) and chronic (long The combined effect of toluene and MTBE was investigated using toxic unit model, and it was found to be almost additive and synergistic responses to P. General health effects include lethality, growth, morbidity, liver and kidney damage and miscellaneous effects. 0% for digit span, 12. This Public Health Statement summarizes the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry’s (ATSDR) findings on toluene, including chemical characteristics, exposure risks, possible health effects from exposure, and ways to limit exposure. Alveolar and circulating toluene concentrations decrease as a direct function of respiratory and cardiac rates after exposure ceases. ”. Toluene biotransformation leads to the generation of reactive oxygen species that cause oxidative stress and DNA damages. Previous data from this lab and others has shown that toluene modulates the function of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glycine receptors at concent …. Toluene is used in making paints, paint thinners, fingernail polish, lacquers, adhesives, and rubber and in Studies of the effects of toluene on membrane fluidity demonstrated that in vivo administration of toluene in rat (1 g/kg, 1 h, i. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) identifies the The long-term effects of chronic toluene exposure include changes in sleeping patterns, liver failure, kidney failure, heart failure, persistent neurological damage, and death. To determine the impact of early solvent inhalation on cortical neuronal differentiation, brains were stained using the Golgi-Cox-Sholl procedure to quantitatively Little information is available about the toxicity of toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene acting on macrophytes, and their toxicity data are rarely used in regulation and criteria decisions. The number of headaches and eye irritation also increased in a dose response manner. Toluene vapor is mildly irritating to the skin, eyes, and lungs. Toluene treatment was performed by inhalation of 3000 ppm toluene, in a 8 h/day and 6 day/week order for 16 weeks. Feb 13, 2023 · In animal experiments, exposure to toluene has been associated with significantly higher concentrations of catecholamine neurotransmitters and their metabolites in various brain regions. Recreational abuse of toluene-containing volatile inhalants by adolescents is a significant public health problem. The r … Toluene is a representative member of a class of inhaled solvents that are voluntarily used by adolescents and adults for their euphorigenic effects. Effects of toluene on the metabolism, disposition and hemopoietic toxicity of [3H]benzene. Toluene is known to cause congenital disabilities and the birth rate of children when used by pregnant women [28] . In addition, toluene is a widely used volatile drug for recreational purposes through inhalation, that is, through sniffing or huffing, as it produces acute neurological effects which people enjoy. Published 1 July 2014. Usually, commercial solvent abuse results in exposure to several volatile substances, such as toluene, n-hexane, xylene and benzene. For example, chronic abuse of volatile solvents, such as toluene or naphthalene (the volatile ingredient in mothballs), damages the protective sheath around certain nerve fibers in Adverse performance at 150 ppm toluene was found at 6. It has been previously reported that rhabdomyolysis and acute hepatorenal injury could be hallmarks of the condition, and could constitute risk factors for In this study, eighteen Wistar female albino rats were used to observe the ultrastructural effects of toluene on the rat ovaries. Most studies of workers exposed to moderate levels of toluene show no harmful health effects. Behavioral effects of toluene and ethanol were quantified by meta-analysis of studies from the peer-reviewed literature Abstract. 6% of eighth graders in the USA and around 7. abdominal pain. 3:[QxMD MEDLINE Link]. 11 Apr 11, 2022 · Woodward JJ, Beckley J. As a result, toluene is considered a neurotoxin. Last updated 16 Some acute effects of inhalation exposure to toluene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane (1,1,1-TCE), halothane, and ethanol were examined in mice. Experiment 3 replicated the effects of toluene (1000mg/kg) in Experiment 1, showing that toluene-induced increases in horizontal activity were greatest in the oldest rats. A brief description of chemical properties and environmental prevalence is given, followed by a review of pharmacokinetic data. Males were exposed for a total of 90 days, including the mating period; treat … Shelton KL, Balster RL. Aug 18, 2015 · Background: Toluene is one of the most widely abused inhaled drugs due to its acute neurologic effects including euphoria and subsequent depression. The biphasic tachycardia to toluene suggests multiple sites for eliciting the cardiotoxic effects of this toxicant. The EPA reference concentration (RfC) is 5 mg/m 3 for toluene and 0. excavatus in filter paper contact test and soil tests, respectively. The present study sought to characterize The subsequent effects upon swimming ability, escape latency from water, locomotor activity and physical development were evaluated. Jan 1, 2014 · Other effects of toluene such as increased oxidative stress seem to contribute to the detrimetal effects of prolonged toluene exposure . Workers may be harmed from exposure Purpose: The purpose of this research was to examine the effects of inhalation of toluene on respiratory function and neuropsychological performance of humans. It is identified as CAS#108-88-3, and the United Nations Department of Transportation's number for toluene is UN#1294. As a drug of abuse, toluene’s toxicological effects similar to those of barbiturates and ethanol, causing altered dopamine levels in the brain. The neurobehavioral and neurotoxic effects of toluene are well recognized; however, its genotoxicity is still under discussion. Toluene mixes readily with many organic solvents, but is poorly soluble in water. It is a mono-substituted benzene derivative used in veterinary medicine as a treatment for various parasites in dogs and cats. Toluene is used in making paints, paint thinners, fingernail polish, lacquers, adhesives, and rubber and in Single and joint toxic effects of TEX on C. Mar 20, 2023 · The most common application of toluene is used as an industrial solvent, which can lead to intentional, accidental, and environmental intoxication. Exposure to high doses can cause confusion and delirium. Toluene is a clear, colorless liquid with a distinctive smell. No changes in lung weight or histology were reported in female mice exposed to 600 mg/kg/day via gavage for 14 days, compared with controls. These documents provide information on the health effects of exposure, the chemical’s toxicity and material for responding to a chemical incident. Quantitative and qualitative studies have identified a wide variety of chemical components in the cartridges, refill solutions, and aerosols of e-cigarettes. g. It should also be noted that any future epidemiological observations of cancer risks associated with toluene or xylene would have to take account of the suspected Aug 1, 2015 · Background: CYP2E1 is a versatile phase I drug-metabolizing enzyme responsible for the biotransformation of most volatile organic compounds, including toluene. However, these effects may be drug-specific, as  reinstatement of heroin seeking was enhanced by activation of IL-NAcs neurons [ 125 , 126 ] and reinstatement of alcohol self-administration was Inhalant abuse: 'Sniffing' toluene for a high. Exposure to toluene can cause eye and nose irritation, tiredness, confusion, euphoria, dizziness, headache, dilated pupils, tears, anxiety, muscle fatigue, insomnia, nerve damage, inflammation of the skin, and liver and kidney damage. This is often referred to as “glue sniffing,” and is a highly addictive and dangerous form of substance abuse. Females were exposed from 14 days before mating until day 7 of gestation. mood Male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected ip with benzene, toluene, or a mixture of xylene isomers at 20 mmol hydrocarbon/kg daily for 3 days. May 4, 2005 · A nomogram was constructed by GPAT simulation to relate the environmental exposure concentration of toluene to the equivalent effect magnitude of a range of ethanol internal doses. Lethality and performance on an inverted screen test of motor performance were measured following 10-, 30-, and 60-min exposures. Therefore, researchers have to study the effects of each solvent to clarify their role in brain Aug 28, 2022 · The effects of toluene and xylenes on hematologic parameters have recently drawn more and more attention [4,5,6,7]. ) increased the synaptosomal membrane fluidity. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2 3 These compounds are abused for their euphoric effects mediated . Toluene is a toxic chemical used in in nail products and hair dyes. glue-sniffer’s rash — a rash around the mouth that extends to the middle of the face. Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to toluene vapor at 600 and 2000 ppm for 6 h/day, and effects on their fertility were investigated. A national survey conducted in 2012 showed that 9. Biochem Pharmacol. The alcohol-like effect of toluene intoxication has a rapid onset and short duration. The acute phase effects of toluene on the brain have been investigated in this study using rabbit brain via histopathological, immunohistochemical, and biochemical methods. Jun 1, 2009 · Shared discriminative stimulus properties among toluene, halothane, TCE and ETOH indicate that some volatile inhalants share pharmacological properties with ETOh, and at least some inhaled anesthetics and abused solvents have behavioral effects in common with abused central nervous system depressant drugs such as ETOS and barbiturates. Doses of 0. They produce a sense of euphoria and well-being by flooding the brain with dopamine. Effects of the abused inhalant toluene on the mesolimbic dopamine system. While no direct human evidence is available, there is recent evidence of carcinogenicity of toluene and xylene at high concentrations in experimental animals. Oct 18, 2022 · Toluene abuse is the most common form of inhalant abuse. headaches. Toluene (methylbenzene, toluol, phenylmethane) is an aromatic hydrocarbon (C7 H8) commonly used as an industrial solvent for the manufacturing of paints, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and rubber. Mental status alterations range from R01 AA009986/AA/NIAAA NIH HHS/United States. It is flammable at temperatures greater than 40°F (4. Organic solvent abuse is associated with increased risk for serious medical, neurological, and neuropsychological impairments. For more information, call the CDC Information Center at 1-800-232-4636. However, the epidemiological evidence of the hematological effects induced by individual BTX components is not quite conclusive, probably because of the confounding effects of other co-existing BTX components [ 8 ]. 0% for critical tracking. Toluene vapor has a sharp or sweet odor, which is a sign of exposure. The animals were divided into experimental and control groups. Psychoactive substances affect the parts of the brain that involve reward, pleasure, and risk. , 2014). The effects of acute intoxication can be dramatic and the lasting adverse effects of inhalants may be highly injurious. Moreover, nerve growth factor (NGF), tumor necrosis fa …. 1 mg/m 3 for xylene, which is an estimate of the air level for the general population (including sensitive subgroups) that is likely to be without risk for deleterious effects over lifetime Jan 23, 2018 · In general, e-cigarettes often contain ingredients such as propylene glycol (PG) and glycerol, mixed with concentrated flavors and, optionally, a variable percentage of nicotine. 7 days after inhaling 70 ppm for 2 hours. 2% of the US population use illicit drugs. The main effect of toluene is on the brain and nervous system, but animals exposed to moderate or high levels of toluene also show harmful effects in their liver, kidneys, and lungs and impaired immune function. The greatest effect was found for an increasing number levels of toluene in the workplace. Background. In this work, we review what is currently known regarding the sites and mechanisms of action of inhalants with a focus on the volatile solvent toluene that is contained in a Feb 15, 1977 · Effects of toluene on the metabolism, disposition and hemopoietic toxicity of [3H]benzene. Yucel M, Takagi M, Walterfang M, Lubman DI. nausea and vomiting. Long-term exposure to toluene vapors is capable of causing permanent damage to the central nervous system (Greenberg, 1997). Human toluene exposure increases CYP2E1 mRNA and modifies its activity in leucocytes; however, epigenetic implications of this interaction have not been investig During P2-P21, each animal was exposed daily to either organic solvent vapors (75% toluene and 18% n-hexane, a solvent mixture commonly found in glues and adhesives) or clean air. Small Molecule. Abusers who seek its euphoric effect are typically teenagers and younger adults. The elimination half-time for toluene from human tissue is 0. These chemicals are liquids with relatively low boiling points and are used primarily as solvents or as starting materials in the synthesis of other chemicals and drugs. Mar 21, 2024 · Effects of Drug Addiction on Behavior. Toluene occurs naturally in crude oil and in the tolu tree. Eye / drug effects Female Fetus / drug effects Toluene / metabolism Toluene / toxicity* Substances Toluene Abstract. This makes it difficult to study the neurotoxic effects of the individual constituents (Ramcharan et al. The tachycardic effects of toluene at 0. Jul 1, 2014 · Details. Toluene produced dose-related increases in horizontal activity that increased proportionately with age. Toluene. Feb 26, 2016 · Generic Name. The experimental group was exposed to 3,000 ppm toluene/m3 for 7 days and 8 h/day. Toluene is typically used in a mixture with other solvents and chemicals such as paint pigments. Jun 15, 2022 · The worst effects of exposure to toluene have occurred in deliberate abusers of toluene. p. With more serious exposure, toluene may cause sleepiness, stumbling, irregular heartbeat, fainting, or even death. Toluene is less dense than water and will float on People inhale toluene-containing products (e. Animal studies do not Apr 11, 2022 · Next: Imaging Studies. Exposure to toluene can result in temporary effects such as headaches, dizziness and cracked skin, as well as more serious effects such as reproductive damage and respiratory complications. The higher the octane number or rating, the greater the fuel’s resistance to knocking or pinging during combustion. The effects of administration of these hydrocarbons upon their own in vitro metabolism, as well as upon cytochrome P-450, NADPH-cytochrome c reductase, aminopyr … What immediate health effects can be caused by exposure to toluene? Breathing toluene vapors in small amounts may cause a mild headache, dizziness, drowsiness, or nausea. Until now it has been unclear whether toluene affects reward centers in Aug 8, 2018 · chemical odor on clothes and breath. Apr 1, 2022 · Toluene is an air pollutant widely used as an organic solvent in industrial production and emitted by fossil fuel combustion, in addition to being used as a drug of abuse. Many workers are regularly exposed to toluene in their working environment and occupational exposure limits (OELs) have been set to avoid adverse health effects. These results demonstrate that a brief exposure to toluene vapor induces highly selective and long-lasting effects on VTA DA neuron excitability and show that these compounds, like other drugs of abuse, impact dopaminergic neurons involved in reward. These OELs or short-term exposure limits vary from 14 to 300 ppm across countries partly due to heterogeneity of the findings from animal and human studies about its neurotoxic effects Toluene and xylene. 19 Nitrites are Toluene. gd cj pa wu uu jv dy bd hw ee